Vol. 3 LM4 Common-Size Balance Sheets Flashcards
Define
common-size analysis
Common-size Analysis
describe tools and techniques used in financial analysis, including their uses and limitations, either by vertical or horizontal methods using ratios
Common-size Analysis
Define
describe tools and techniques used in financial analysis, including their uses and limitations
common-size analysis
A vertical common-size balance sheet is prepared by
Common-size Analysis
dividing each item on the blanace sheet by the same period’s total assets and expressing the results as percentages
Common-size Analysis
The term ____ is used to denote a common-size analysis using only one reporting period or one base financial statement, whereas ____ refers to an anlysis comparing a specific financial statement with prior or future time periods
vertical analysis; horizontal analysis
Common-size Analysis
Concept
compares a specific metric for one company with the same metric for another company or group of companies, allowing comparisons even though the companies might be significantly different sizes and/or operate in different currencies
cross-sectional analysis
Describe
cross-sectional analysis
compares a specific metric for one company with the same metric for another company or group of companies, allowing comparisons even though the companies might be significantly different sizes and/or operate in different currencies
Concept
provides important information regarding historical performance and growth and, given a sufficiently long history of accurate seasoned information
trend analysis
Fill in the blank
In financial statement analysis, the “trend analysis” usually refers to comparisons across time periods of ____ not involving statistical tools
3-10 years
Use of Comparative Growth Information
In July 1996, Sunbeam, a US company, brought in new management to turn the company around. In the following year, 1997, using 1996 as the base, the following was observed based on reported numbers:
* Revenue +19%
* Inventory +58%
* Receivables +38%
- It is generally more desirable to observe inventory and receivables growing at a slower (or similar) rate compared to revenge growth
- Receivables growing faster than revenue can indicate operational issues, such as lower credit standards or aggressive accounting policies for revenue recognition
- inventory growing faster than revenue can indicate an operational problem with obsolescence or aggressive accounting policies, such as an improper overstatement of inventory to increase profits
explanation is in the aggressive accounting policies
Sunbeam was later charged by the U.S. SEC with improperly accelerating the recognition of revenue
comparative growth information
Receivables growing faster than revenue can indicate
operational issues such as lower credit standards or aggressive accounting policies for revenue recognition
comparative growth information
inventory growing faster than revenue can indicate
an operational problem with obsolescence or aggressive accounting policies, such as an improper overstatement of inventory to increase profits
common-size financial statement ratios
a common indicator of profitability
the net profit margin
* calculated as net income divided by sales
* this ratio appears on a vertical common-size income statement
because of the large number of ratios, it is helpful to think about ratios in terms of
broad categories based on what aspects of performance a ratio is intended to detect
financial ratio category
measures how efficiently a company performs day-to-day tasks, such as the collection of receivables and management of inventory
activity ratios
Describe
activity ratios
measures how efficiently a company performs day-to-day tasks, such as the collection of receivables and management of inventory
financial ratio category
measures the company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations
liquidity ratios
describe
liquidity ratios
measures the company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations
financial ratio category
- measures a company’s ability to meet long-term obligations
- subsets of these ratios are also known as “leverage” and “long-term debt” ratios
solvency ratios
Describe
solvency ratios
- measures a company’s ability to meet long-term obligations
- subsets of these ratios are also known as “leverage” and “long-term debt” ratios
financial ratio category
measures the company’s ability to generate profits from its resources (assets)
profitability ratios
Describe
profitability ratios
measures the company’s ability to generate profits from its resources (assets)
financial ratio category
measure the quantity of an asset or flow associated with ownership of a specified claim
valuation ratios
Describe
valuation ratios
measure the quantity of an asset or flow associated with ownership of a specified claim
goal
financial ratios
to understand the underlying causes of divergence between a company’s ratios and those of the industry
list three principles
an analyst should evaluate financial ratios
- Company goals and strategy
- Industry norms (cross-sectional analysis)
- Economic conditions
financial ratio analysis
Company goals and strategy
- actual ratios can be compared with company objectives to determine whether objectives are being attained and whether the results are consistent with the company’s strategy
financial ratio analysis
Industry norms (cross-sectional analysis)
A company can be compared with others in its industry by relating its financial ratios to industry norms or to a subset of the companies in an industry. Care must be taken because:
* many ratios are industry specific, and not all ratios are important to all industries
* companies may have several different lines of business -> this will cause aggregate financial ratios to be disorted
* differences in accounting methods used by companies can distort financial ratios
* differences in corporate strategies can affect certain financial ratios
financial ratio analysis
Economic conditions
- For cyclical companies, financial ratios tend to improve when the economy is strong and weaken during recessions
- therefore, financial ratios should be examined in light of the current phase of the business cycle
ratio
are also known as asset utilization ratios or operating efficiency ratios
activity ratios
Concept
these ratios reflect the efficient management of both working capital and longer term assets
activity ratios
Fill in the blank
____ has a direct impact on liquidity (the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations)
efficiency
ratio
Since efficiency has a direct impact on liquidity, certain ____ are also useful in assessing liquidity
activity ratio
Components
inventory turnover
-
activity ratio
numerator: cost of sales or cost of goods sold
denominator: average inventory
Components
days of inventory on hand (DOH)
-
activity ratio
numerator: number of days in period
denominator: inventory turnover = cost of goods sold/average inventory
Components
receivables turnover
-
activity ratio
numerator: revenue
denominator: average receivables
Components
days of sales outstanding (DSO)
-
activity ratio
numerator: number of days in period
denominator: receivables turnover = revenue/average receivables
Components
payables turnover
-
activity ratio
numerator: purchases
denominator: average trade payables
Components
number of days of payables
-
activity ratio
numerator: number of days in period
denominator: payables turnover = purchases / average trade payables
Components
working capital turnover
-
activity ratio
numerator: revenue
denominator: average working capital