Vocal Folds Flashcards by Sydney Klyczek

What are the vocal folds made of:

5 layers

epithelium 
superficial lamina propria 
intermediate lamina propria 
deep lamina propria 
thyrovocalis muscle

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Epitehlium: like in other parts so the body, epithelium is a ? protecting from

composed of ? which are ?

thin covering, of vocal folds / intrinsic and extrinsic properties

stratified squamous cells - flat or plate like

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Lamina propria:
superficial layer
-the main
epithelium and superficial layer are commonly referred to as

aka

intermediate layer: composed mainly of ? which run ? allowing this layer to only?

vibrating portion of VF
cover
reinke’s space

elastic fibers/ parallel to vibrating edge of vocal fold/ anteroposterior direction

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deep layer:
composed mainly of ? which run parallel to ?

the thyrovocalis: most ? makes up bulk of

collagenous fibers / vibrating edge of vocal fold

medial portion of thyroarytenoid muscle, vocal fold structure

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Extracellular matrix:
often times referred to as a ?

recent evidence shows it plays a role in ?

in vocal folds lamina propria is rich in ?

filler substance that exists between cells and organism

cell function

ECM within all layers of superficial, intermediate, deep layers

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Hyaluronic acid:
a chief component in ? helps cells ? while playing an important role in

women present ? with overall HA concentration levels?

the abundant amount of HA in female vocal folds is thought to be related to ?
-acting as protective factor against the characteristic?

ECM, proliferate and migrate/ absorption and tissue viscosity

higher concentration of HA than many in every region of VF / twice as higher

impact absorption
-high vibration frequency of the female vocal folds

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the combination of mechanical properties of 5 layers determines mode of ?

fundamental frequency:

1 open+ 1 close =

VF vibration

number of vibratory cycles/sec = number of HZ

1 cycle

simple harmonic motion

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mechanical properties:
tension: major determinant of ? increase tension … vibration

mass: distribution of ?
increase mass ? …vibration

length: male VF are ? and ?
increasing length and … vibration

Fo / increase vibrations

VF mass is related to length + tension / decrease vibration

longer and vibrate less/ increasing length and decreasing vibration

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Laryngeal development:
around 4th or 5th week of fetal development the laryngotracheal sulcus?

in the 3rd month of fetal development the? and the laryngeal ?

by 24th week the ? as are the ?

appears and there are definite arytenoid of the larynx

thyroid lamina fuse and laryngeal ventricle appears between TVF and FVF

macula flava are identified as are fetal vocal folds

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By the second trimester…. can be identified
-the coordination between the ? is apparent

by the 12th week of fetal development the vocal folds are ? and the baby can ?

diaphragmatic and laryngeal movements
-respiratory and laryngeal systems is apparent

complete/ and does sometimes cry silently

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Special considerations for pediatric laryngeal development

-most important consideration in treating pediatric population is ?

the larynx/airway is almost the most ?

preservation of airway

important system of entire infant

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Laryngeal Development:

in newborns the length of the vocal folds is ? with ?

the cartilaginous glottis accounts for ?
-the reason for the larger posterior glottis in infants and young children is that it aids the?

2.5-3.0mm/ continual linear growth as a function of age

60-75% of the vocal folds length in children below two years of age

feeding and breathing process

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Laryngeal Development:

the layered structure of the vocal folds is not ? the lamina propria is very ?

in adults there is clear differntiation between ?

there is no ? in newborns

differentiated in newborns / uniform in structure

superficial, intermediate, and deep layers of lamina propria

ligamentous structure in newborns

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Laryngeal development:
the subglottal space in pediatric patients is the ? in comparison to adult airway, with full term diameter of subglottal space cited as?

the adult vocal fold is approx. in males and .. in females

the pediatric larynx maintains a ? in comparison to adult’s laryngeal position

narrowest part and least pliable of the airway / 4mm

17-21 mm in males/ 11-15 mm in females

higher laryngeal position between the first and 3rd cervical level

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Laryngeal Development:
the epiglottis is ? in approx. 50% of the pediatric pop. and is ?

the whole laryngeal framework in children is?

less suceptible to
more suscpetible to ?

omega shaped/ soft and pliable

much softer than in adults

blunt trauma
collapse due to negative inspiratory pressures developed during breathing

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Laryngeal Development:
-the presence of the thyroid prominence does not occur until ?

the thyroid cartilage does not assume adult configuration until ?

in the pediatric larynx the epiglottis is ?

substantial changes happen in vocal fold length (approx. between ages 10 and 14 years)

adolescence

furled and the arytenoids are proportionately larger

Adult male and female differences in laryngeal anatomy:

the most apparent differences in male versus female include: 
larger 
more acute?
thicker 
larger

thyroid lamina

thyroid angle

vocal folds

glottal space

Age effects on laryngeal anatomy:

aging causes general changes to entire body including ?

the muscle systems can experience ? that reduce the ?
-more evidence suggests marked?

skeletal and muscular systems

structural change and fatigue/ contractile force capability of the muscle

-vocal fold atrophy and vocal fold edema

age effects on laryngeal anatomy:

the following parameters differentiate young from older larynx:

vocal fold
prominence of
glottic
phase and amplitude symmetry of?
tremor of ?

presbylaryngis: the term used to refer to the changes associated with

bowing 
vocal process
proportion 
mucosal wave
laryngeal structures

aging larynx

Phonation: in order to produce sound vocal folds vibrate at? which on average ranges from about ? for adults

hertz is the number of ?
-one hertz is equal to
-the average number of cycles produced by adult male vocal folds is
the average number for females is ? and for the young child ?

hundreds of times per second or at a frequency
-100-250 Hz

vibrations which occur per second

one cycle per second
100 HZ
250 HZ
300 Hz

Theories to explain VF vibration:

neurochronaxic

myoelastic-aerodynamic

Neurochronaxic Theory:
-states that VF vibration is almost totally dependent on ?

even though nerves can fire quite fast, the rapid pattern of vibration observed during production of high freq. can not be explained by ?

rate of neurla impulses received by laryngeal muscles

rate of nerve impulse

Myoelastic theory of Voice production:
first introduced by?
hols that continued air pressure is ? at an amount great enough to ? and ?

what effect ?

muller 1843

developed and built up underneath vocal folds/ displace the inertial property of the vocal fold tissue / sustain the vibration of the vocal folds over time

bernoulli

Myoelastic theory:
myo: muscle contraction of the ? which posture the vocal folds in a ?

elastic: the ? of the VF that are capable of being ?
aerodynamic: a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the properties of ?

lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscle/ nearly adducted position

elastic properties/ stretched, compressed, and deformed and returning to their original shape or state

airflow, such as airflow velocity, air pressure, density

Assumptions of the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of VF vibration: 1) vocal folds are ? 2) pressure is ? 3) folds ?

appropriately positioned in a closed or semiclosed position built up below the folds repeatedly open and close automatically

Implications of the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of VF vibration: 1) the vocal folds do not ? because there is a ? 2) the vocal folds ? as long as the folds are in a position of closure or near closure there is ?

open and close during phonation/ a separate muscle contraction for each opening/closing movement open and close automatically/sufficient buildup of pressure below them

Forces that cause vocal folds to open>

buildup of air pressure on one side of vocal folds (below)

Forces that cause vocal folds to close: drop in ? explained by the bernoulli effect which is that the high speed of airflow that occurs causes the walls of the vocal folds to be ?

pressure along glottal margin of folds sucked together due to a drop in air pressure at the margin of the folds

Forces that cause the vocal folds to close continued: 2) force of ? consider the adducted position of the folds in rest position, once air pressure building below the folds is enough to blow them apart , the folds are ? opposing elastic recoil forces will tend to ?

elastic recoil of the folds -pushed away from rest position restore the folds to the original position/shape

Important factors governing vocal fold vibration: 1) vocal fold position - degree of ? glottal adductors: 2) vocal fold ? - ...+...? glottal tensors/relaxors: 3) ... of ? along the folds

adduction a) lateral cricoarytenoid b) transverse interarytenoid c) oblique interarytenoid myoelasticity / length + tension a) cricothyroid b) thyroarytenoid amount/size of pressure drop

Phonation Threshold Pressure: the minimum pressure amount needed to ? ``` many factors can alter PTP including: - - - - ```

sustain vocal fold vibration ' hydration level vocal skill vocal fatigue sound intensity and vocal pitch as they relate to glottal diameter

Mechanisms for Changing pitch: by lengthening the vocal folds the relative ? the cross sectional area? all which create ? -the primary instrinsic muscle that controls vocal fold length is ?

mass decreases/ and thickness of the vocal folds decreases/ faster vibratory rate cricothyroid muscle

Mechanisms for changing pitch: fundamental frequency can be increased by ? an increase in subglottal pressure causes the ? resulting in a greater ? and an increased ?

increases in subglottal pressure vibratory amplitude of vocal folds to be increased/ lateral excursion of the vocal folds/ vocal fold stretching and tension

What is a vocal register? hollien defined a register as a series of ? which can be produced with nearly ? three registers have been described by Hollien that relate to the speaking voice: they are distinct in ?

consecutive phonated frequencies / identical voice quality with the mechanism as laryngeal in action pulse modal falsetto fundamental frequency range

Pulse register is a fundamental frequency range at ? modal register is the range of fundamental frequency most commonly ? falsetto or loft register is a fundamental frequency range at the ?

low end of frequency scale (approx. 25-50 Hz) used by a speaker upper end o the vocal folds vibrating capacity

mechanism for changing loudness: a doubling of lung pressure can ? the increased lung pressure causes an increase in ? and greater ?

increase sound source output by 9.5 dB peak flow rate and greater vibratory amplitude of the vocal folds