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Voice > A&P of Voice > Flashcards

A&P of Voice Flashcards

1
Q

Phonation:
-sound is produced by
vocal folds lie within?
-larynx is the ?

A

vibration of vocal folds

  • laryngeal cavity/larynx
  • superior continuation of the respiratory passage
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2
Q

Functions of the larynx:
airway ?
-prevents
-expels?

helps on?
…. (larynx=?)

A

protection

  • foreign substances from entering the lungs
  • substances trying to enter the lungs (laryngeal reflex activity - cough/spastic closure)
  • thoracic function
  • phonation (larynx = sound generator)
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3
Q

Laryngeal Elements:
-1 ?
-9?
… and… muscles

-
-

A

bone
cartilages ( 3 paired)
-intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles

  • pitch - F0
  • loudness = amplitude
  • quality (harsh, breathy, hypernasal, hyponasal)
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4
Q

larynx: lies ? opposite?

A

superior in the respiratory passage / approx. fifth or sixth cervical vertebral body

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5
Q

cartilages of the larynx are held together by ?

vocal folds lie within ?”

A

membranes and ligaments

laryngeal cavity

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6
Q

Basic Structure and Function:
as a multi-structured organ within the vocal tract, the larynx serves as a ?

it is comprised of one? multiple? and numerous ?

A

passageway between the upper and lower airway

bone/ cartilages/ muscles membranous and connective tissue and moveable joints

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7
Q

the larynx acts as a ?

  • closing off to ?
  • opening to aid?
  • serving as the sound source for ?
A

sphincter

  • protect the lower airways from foreign material
  • breathing
  • voice production as pressure from the respiratory system is transferred from the subglottal space through the glottal space into the supraglottal cavity
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8
Q

glottis-the space?
-its size and shape ?
-when the glottis widens , this is called
when no air can flow through the glottis this is called

A

between vocal folds
-changes as a function of the vibratory behavior of the vocal folds
-abduction
adduction

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9
Q

The muscles of the larynx are? meaning?

without the movement of the primary laryngeal cartilages by the ? air could not

A

skeletal/ they are under voluntary control for voice production, controlled by the central nervous system

intrinsic laryngeal muscles for abduction/ flow into the lungs and be controlled as it passes out of the lungs

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10
Q

In addition to its sphincteric function during breathing, the larynx plays another important biological role during the act of swallowing

during swallowing the vocal folds ? to avoid ?

A

adduct tightly to avoid penetration of food/liquid from entering into glottal space and subsequently in to trachea or lower airway

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11
Q

The larynx also serves other biological functions like ? which occurs when ?
-thoracic fixation requires ?
other functions that require vocal fold adduction are ?

A

thoracic fixation

  • tight vocal fold adduction in order to build high intra-thoracic pressure
  • cough and bowel movements
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12
Q

Nonbiological functions of the larynx:

the act of ?

A

phonation is considered nonbiological

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13
Q

Laryngeal Structure:
the larynx has 2 types of cartilages
-what are they ?

hyaline cartilage:

  • … and …
  • made up of ?
  • forms the ?
  • … with age

elastic cartilage:

  • similar to ? but in addition to the ? the matrix of elastic cartilage also contains a network of
  • does not
  • forms the ?
A

hyaline and elastic

  • flexible and elastic
  • cartilage
  • collagen (basic building block of cartilage) and made up of other proteins
  • thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages
  • ossifies
  • hyaline/ collagenous fibers/ branched yellow elastic fibers
  • ossify
  • epiglottis
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14
Q

ossification is a process whereby

in the larynx, the thyroid cartilage ossifies more frequently than the ?

A

cartilage is replaced by bone

cricoid but each starts to ossify about the third decade of the life

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15
Q

The hyoid bone:
hyoid bone is an important site for ?

attached to the ? and ?

A

muscular attachments of the larynx via suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

tongue / the glossoepiglottic ligament

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16
Q 
Hyoid bone: 
considered part of the ?
-it has two ? and two ?
the greater cornu are ? 
-articulate with the ?
-the lesser cornu provide a place for ?
A

laryngeal framework
-greater cornu (protrusions) and two lesser cornu

  • posteriorly directed limbs of the U shaped bone
  • lesser cornu anteriorly

-ligaments to attach, like the stylohyoid ligament

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17
Q 
Thyroid cartilage:
The largest 
it has several parts 
- 2
-2
-2
-an ?
-a ?
A

unpaired cartilage in the laryngeal framework

  • laminae
  • superior cornu
  • inferior cornu
  • oblique line
  • superior thyroid notch
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18
Q

Thyroid Cartilage:
-is most often recognized for its ? informally known as ?
angle is ? in females
-approx. … degrees

angle is more .. in males
-approx. … degrees
therefore the adam’s apple is more

A

anterior angle / adam’s apple

  • wider
  • 120

acute in males

  • 90
  • prominent in men
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19
Q

Superior and Inferior Thyroid Cornu:

  • the superior horn of the thyroid cartilages attaches to the ?
  • the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage helps connect
A

hyoid bone via ligaments

thyroid to the cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

Cricoid Cartilage:
a single cartilage made up of

connected to the thyroid cartilage via the

also attaches to the ?

A

hyaline tissue

inferior horn and superiorly to the cricothyroid membrane

first tracheal ring by the cricotracheal ligament or membrane

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21
Q

The cricothyroid joint specifically allows the thyroid to ?

A

rotate anteriorly or posteriorly on the cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

Arytenoid Cartilages:
….
situated on the ?
-usually described as ?

A

paired
superior margin of the cricoid lamina consisting of hyaline and elastic tissue

pyramidal shaped

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23
Q 
Arytenoid Cartilage: 
has 2 main processes:
-
-
-extensions where the ?

the arytenoid cartilages also serve as the ?

A
  • vocal process
  • muscular process
  • posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles attach, hence the name muscular process

posterior attachment for the false vocal folds

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24
Q

The arytenoids are connected to the epiglottis by a muscle called ?

and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly by the ?

A

aryepiglottic muscle or fold

vocal ligament

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25
Q

Arytenod cartilages:
arytenoid movement allows for ?
-these movements occur because of

the arytenoid cartilages sit on top of the ?

the cricoarytenoid joint allows the arytenoid joints to ?

A

abduction and adduction
-cricoarytenoid joint

cricoid cartilage

slide medially and rock at these joints

26
Q

appear?

serve no

A

paired

mounted on op of arytenoid cartilages

role in voice production

27
Q

small?

A

paired

rod shaped elastic cartilages embedded in the aryepiglottic muscle/fold

28
Q

epiglottis:
the ? part of the larynx

located ?

looks like a ? it is ?
-this narrowing is referred to as ?

composed of ?

A

superior

posterior to hyoid bone and base of tongue

leaf in shape/broad at top and narrow at base
-petiolus

elastic cartilage

29
Q

epiglottis:

attaches to the angle of the thyroid cartilage by a ?

also attaches to tongue by several ligaments called:

epiglottic downward movement to closure is the biomechanical effect of ?

A

ligament called thyroepiglottic ligament

glossoepiglottic ligaments

hyolaryngeal movement
downward bolus movement
tongue base retraction

30
Q

laryngeal muscles:
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
-responsible for the movements of the ?

extrinsic laryngeal muscles:
responsible for ?

A

laryngeal cartilages and finer control of laryngeal structures

larger laryngeal movements like elevation and depression of larynx

31
Q 
intrinsic laryngeal muscles: 
intrinsic laryngeal muscles:
found within ?
include a total of ? which are all 
-these muscles work to regulate ?
A

larynx

5/paired

tension in vocal ligament and size and shape of the glottal space

32
Q

arytenoideus/interarytenoids

the oblique fibers have their origin on the ?
-they course diagonally to ?

the transverse fibers have their origin on the?
-they course ?

the oblique and transverse fibers ?

A

posterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
-insert near tip of the opposite arytenoid cartilage

lateral and posterior surface of the opposite arytenoid cartilage

adduct the vocal folds when they contract

33
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid:
the lateral cricoarytenoid has its origin on the ?

it courses ?
upon contraction

A

upper border of anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage

upward and backward to insert into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

adducts the vocal fold by moving muscular process posterolaterally and vocal process medially

34
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid:
PCA originates on the ?

it courses ?

it abducts the vocal folds by moving ?

A

posterior surface of the cricoid lamina

up and forward to insert into muscular process of arytenoids

process medially and rotating vocal process laterally

35
Q

cricothyroid:
the CT has its origin in the ?

the fibers course ?

two sections of CT belly

A

anterolateral arch of cricoid cartilage

vertically upward to insert into lower margin of thyroid lamina

pars rect
pars oblique

36
Q

Thyroarytenoid (TA)

  • shortens the ?
  • referred to as the ?
  • 2 sections of the TA:
    1.
  • more
  • does what?
    • the more
    • does what
A

vocal folds when it contracts
-deepest layer of vocal fold structure

thyrovocalis:
- more medial
- tenses vocal fold when it contracts

thyromuscularis:
- more lateral section
- relaxes the vocal fold when it contracts

37
Q

Ventricular Vocal folds:
aka?
anatomically sit ? and play a ?

composed of?
play a major role in ?

A

false vocal folds
superior and lateral to true vocal folds / minimal role in phonation

seromucous gland
preventing pathogenic agents

38
Q

extrinsic laryngeal muscles:
-their first functions is to ?
this is done by action of?

their second fucntion is to ?
this is accomplished by the

A

elevate larynx within vocal tract
-suprahyoid extrinsic muscles

accomplish laryngeal depression
-infrahyoid extrinsic muscles

39
Q

Suprahyoid muscles
-elevate the ?

these must include?

A

hyoid bone and larynx primarily with their other functions serving jaw movement

  • digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • stylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
40
Q

suprahyoid muscles:
digastric
-has two ? which are joined by
-pulls the hyoid ? and the posterior belly pulls the hyoid?

A

muscular bellies (anterior and posterior) / intermediate tendon

forward and upward/ back and upward

41
Q

mylohyoid:
- helps form the
- when it contracts it elevates the ?

A

muscular floor of the mouth

floor of the mouth and tongue and depresses the jaw as long as the hyoid is stabilized

42
Q

Suprahyoid muscles:
stylohyoid: originates from the ? and inserts into the ?

when contracted, the stylohyoid muscle pulls?

geniohyoid: when contracted it ? raises the ? and ?

A

styloid process of temporal bone and inserts into body of hyoid bone

hyoid upward and back during swallowing and fixes the hyoid bone for infrahyoid action

elevates hyoid bone, raises floor of mouth for swallowing and depresses mandible when hyoid is stabilized

43
Q

Infrahyoid muscles:
these muscles primarily depress?

these muscles include the ?

A

hyoid and larynx with its other functions serving jaw movement

sternohyoid
sternthyroid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid

44
Q

Infrahyoid:
Sternohyoid: attaches the hyoid bone to ?
when it contracts it ?

sternothyroid:
beneath the ? and originates from the ? and inserts into?

when it contracts it ?

A

sternum
depresses hyoid bone and therefore the larynx

sternohyoid/ manubrium of sternum/ oblique line of thyroid cartilage

depresses larynx

45
Q

Infrahyoid muscles:

omohyoid:
at the front of the ? and consists of

when the omohyoid muscle contracts its action?

A

neck/two bellies separated by intermediate tendon

depresses hyoid bone and therefore larynx

46
Q

Thyrohyoid:
is actually a continuation of

it originates from the ? and inserts into ?

when it contracts it moves

A

sternothyroid muscle

oblique line on thyroid lamina / greater corny of hyoid

hyoid bone closer to larynx

47
Q

membranes:
thyrohyoid membrane: a ? that extends from the ?

thyroepiglottic membrane: appears to fill int he space between ?

A

broad, unpaired, fibro-elastic membrane / superior border of thryoid cartilage lamina

hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

48
Q

Membranes:
cricotracheal membrane
-extends from the ? to the ?

the site perforated for ? as there are no?
-less chance for the development of ?

A

inferior border of cricoid to first tracheal ring

tracheostomy as there are no major blood vessels in this membrane
-edema or stenosis

49
Q

-lies just above
the membrane ? forming?

A

paired

  • laryngeal ventricle
  • thickens along its inferior edge forming ligaments known as vestibular ligaments
50
Q

Conus Elasticus:
-a submucous?
connects the ?

A

elastic membrane attached on upper margin of cricoid cartilage

cricoid cartilage with thyroid and arytenoid cartilages

51
Q

Ligaments:
thyroepiglottic ligament: attaches ? at level of ?

hyoepiglottic ligament:
-attaches the ? to the ?

A

epiglottis to thyroid cartilage at level of thyroid angle

lower part of the anterior surface of epiglottis to body of hyoid bone

52
Q

ventricular ligament:
above and parallel to ? and is part of ?

cricothyroid ligament:
two sections:
the median cricothyroid ligament joins
the lateral section is known as the?

A

vocal ligament and is part of ventricular fold

lateral and medial section
cricoid and thyroid ligaments together

cricothyroid membrane (also known as conus elasticus)

53
Q

aryepiglottic folds:
extend bilaterally between the ?
serve as a ?
withstands ?

A

arytenoid cartilages and the lateral margin of epiglottis

lateral anatomical border of laryngeal space

collapse during inspiration

54
Q

Cavities:
anterior commissure - the most

posterior commissure: the space between

ventricle: the ? within the ?
subglottis: the space ?

A

anterior opening

arytenoid cartilages

supraglottal space within laryngela cavity

below glottis

55
Q

Arterial supply of larynx:
- extending from the ?
which supplies the ?
the asceding pharyngeal artery also arises from ? to supply ?

A

external carotid artery is the superior thyroid artery

  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • upper esophagus
  • thyroid gland

external carotid artery / lower pharynx and larynx

56
Q

Inferior thyroid artery arises from the ? passes posterior to ? and supplies the ?
-its branches can course ? ?

A

thyrocervical trunk / carotid sheath / inferior portion of corresponding lobe of thyroid gland

anterior or posterior or between branches of recurrent laryngeal nerve

57
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve:
the right sided recurrent branch
-leaves the vagus nerve ?
-it wraps back around the ? and travels up ?

A

in front of subclavian artery

artery/ posteriorly into a groove between trachea and esophagus

58
Q

the recurrent laryngeal nerve:
the left recurrent branch
-ascends along a groove between ? entering into the ?
both recurrent branches enter the larynx?

A

esophagus and trachea / larynx behind the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

just below inferior constrictor muscles

59
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve
-divided into

the internal branch is?
-it pierces the ? along with the ? and supplies ?

A

internal and external branch

sensory and automatic
thyrohyoid membrane / superior laryngeal artery / sensory fibers along laryngeal mucosa , middle of laryngeal cavity and superior surface of vocal folds

60
Q

The external branch is ? and supplies ?

A

motor

cricothyroid muscle

61
Q

Sensation from larynx:
the laryngeal mucosa contains some of the ?

laryngeal sensastion from supraglottic areas travels via?

research shows that the most sensitive area so fthe larynx include the ?

A

densest concentrations of sensory receptors in human body

intrinsic branch of SLN

epiglottis, true and false VF and arytenoid region

62
Q

Sensation from larynx:
laryngeal sensation is important for the ?

can be tested using ? applied to region of the ?

the recurrent laryngeal nerve is responsible for sensation from the?

A

reflexive functions of swallow and cough

calibrated air puffs / aryepiglottic folds near the muscular attachment on the arytenoid cartilage

subglottic region which is below the vocal fold

Voice (6 decks)

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