Vocal Ch 8

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking.

Question 2

thinking

Answer 2

the mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world.

Question 3

analogical representations

Answer 3

mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects; they are analogous to the objects. Like a picture of a violin to represent violin.

Question 4

symbolic representations

Answer 4

Abstract mental representations that of not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas. Like a picture of the word violin to represent a violin.

Question 5

concept

Answer 5

a category, or class, of related items; it consists of mental representations of those items.

Question 6

prototype model.

Answer 6

A way of thinking about concepts: within each category, there is a best example- a prototype- for that category.

Question 7

exemplar model

Answer 7

a way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples (exemplars) together they form the concept and determine category membership.

Question 8

stereotypes

Answer 8

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups.

Question 9

script

Answer 9

a schema that directs behavior over time within a situation.

Question 10

decision making

Answer 10

attempting to select the best alternative from among several options.

Question 11

problem solving

Answer 11

finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal.

Question 12

heuristics

Answer 12

shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision.

Question 13

anchoring

Answer 13

The tendency, in making judgements, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind.

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

in decision making, the tendency to emphasize the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative.

Question 15

availability heuristic

Answer 15

making a decision based on the answer that comes most easily to mind

Question 16

representativeness heuristic

Answer 16

placing a person or an object in a category if that person or object is similar to ones prototype for that category.

Question 17

somatic markers

Answer 17

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences.

Question 18

affective forecasting

Answer 18

the tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

Question 19

restructuring

Answer 19

a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution.

Question 20

mental sets

Answer 20

problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past.

Question 21

functional fixedness

Answer 21

in problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects`

Question 22

insight

Answer 22

the sudden realization of a solution to a problem.

Question 23

language

Answer 23

a system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules

Question 24

morphemes

Answer 24

the smaller language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes.

Question 25

phonemes

Answer 25

the basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language.

Question 26

aphasia

Answer 26

a language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production.

Question 27

Wernicke’s area

Answer 27

an area of the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension.

(brocas area is important for speech production)

Question 28

linguistic relativity theory

Answer 28

the claim that language determines thought.

Question 29

telegraphic speech

Answer 29

the tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning.

Question 30

surface structure

Answer 30

the language, the sound, and order of words.

Question 31

deep structure

Answer 31

In language, the implicit meanings of sentences.

Question 32

phonics

Answer 32

A method of teaching reading in english that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes. Classroom and laboratory research has consistently found that phonics is superior to whole language in creating proficient readers.

Question 33

whole language

Answer 33

A method of teaching reading in english that emphasizes learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences. Classroom and laboratory research has consistently found that phonics is superior to whole language in creating proficient readers.

Question 34

intelligence

Answer 34

the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges.

Question 35

mental age

Answer 35

an assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compares with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with with the average score for children of each chronological age.

Question 36

Intelligence quotient ( IQ)

Answer 36

An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age and then multiplying this number by 100

Question 37

General intelligence

Answer 37

The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence

Question 38

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 38

Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge.

Question 39

Fluid intelligence

Answer 39

Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically m, particularly in novel or complex circumstances

Question 40

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Answer 40

A form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage, recognize, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action.

Question 41

Stereotype threat

Answer 41

Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group.