Vocab Ch 7 Flashcards
Iconic memory
Visual sensory memory
Echoic memory
Auditory sensory memory
The primacy effect
Refers to the better memory that people have for items presented at the beginning of the list. Part of the serial position effect.
The recency effect
Refers to the better memory people have for the most recent items, the ones at the end of the list. Part of the serial position effect.
Levels of processing model
The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has and the better it is remembered.
Context dependent memory
Memory enhancement when the recap situation is similar to the encoding situation
State dependent memory
Memory can be enhanced when a person’s internal states match during encoding and recall.
memory
the nervous system’s capacity to retain and retrieve skills and knowledge
encoding
the processing of information so that it can be stored
Consolidation
The neural process by which encoded information becomes stores in memory
retrieval
The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.
reconsolidation
neural processes involves when memories are recalled and then stored again for retrieval
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons.
Sensory Memory
A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form.
Short-term memory
a memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness.
Working Memory
An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for current use.
chunking
organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.
long-term memory
The relatively permanent storage of information
Serial position effect
The idea that the ability to recall items from a list depends on the order of presentation, with items presented early, or late on the list remembered better than those in the middle.
Schemas
cognitive structures in long-term memory that help us perceive, organize, and use information.
retrieval cue
any stimulus that increases memory recall
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that ant stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience.
prospective memory
remembering to do something as some future time.
Mnemonics
learning aids or strategies that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues.
implicit memory
the system underlying unconscious memories
explicit memory
the system underlying conscious memories
declarative memory
The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared.
episodic memory
Memory for one’s personal past experiences.
semantic memory
memory for knowledge of facts independent of personal experience.
procedural memory
a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills, habits, and other behaviors.
proactive interference
Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information.
retroactive interference
interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
blocking
the temporary inability to remember something.
absentmindedness
The inattentive or shallow encoding of events.
amnesia
A deficit in long-term memory- resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma- in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information.
Retrograde amnesia
A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people, or even personal information
Anterograde amnesia
A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories.
persistence
the continual recurrence of unwanted memories.
memory bias
The changing of memories over time so they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes.
flashbulb memories
vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.
Source misattribution
memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory.
Source amnesia
A type of misattribution that occurs when a person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.
cryptomnesia
A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he has come up with a new idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.
suggestibility
The development of biased memories from misleading information.
