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Psychology 201 > Vocab Ch 2 > Flashcards

Vocab Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-report methods

A

Methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide about themselves, such as in survey questionnaires

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2
Q

Research

A

A scientific process that involves the careful collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

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3
Q

Data

A

A collection of measurements gathered during the research process.

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4
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic and dynamic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena, used to achieve the goals of description, prediction, control, and explanation; it involves an interaction between research, theories, and hypothesis

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5
Q

Theory

A

A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events. Theories are based on evidence.

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6
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on.

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7
Q

Replication

A

Repetition of a research study to confirm or contradict the results.

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8
Q

Variable

A

Something in the world that can vary and that researchers can manipulate (change), measure (evaluate, or both.

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9
Q

Case study

A

A descriptive research method that involves the intensive examination of an unusual person or organization.

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10
Q

Participant observation

A

A type of descriptive study in which the researcher is involved I the situation

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11
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A type of descriptive study which the researcher is a passive observer, making no attempt to change or alter ongoing behavior

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12
Q

Reactivity

A

The phenomenon that occurs when knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed

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13
Q

Science has four primary goals

A

Description
Prediction
Control
Explanation

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14
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

Changes in behavior that occur when people know that others are observing them.

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15
Q

Types of research methods

A

Descriptive: describe what is occurring

Correlational: rest the relationship between factors

Experimental methods: investigate what causes an outcome

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16
Q

Types of Descriptive research methods

A

Observational studies

Self-reports

Case studies

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17
Q

Observer bias

A

Systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer’s expectations.

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18
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A

Actual change in the behavior of the people or nonhuman animals being observed that is due to the expectations of the observer

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19
Q

Correlational studies

A

A research method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them

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20
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphical depiction of the relationship between two variables

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21
Q

Positive correlation

A

A relationship between two variables in which both variables either increase or decrease together

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22
Q

Negative correlation

A

A relational between two variables in which one variable increases when the other decreases

23
Q

Zero correlation

A

A relationship between two variables in which one variable is not predictably related to the other

24
Q

Directionality problem

A

A problem encountered in correlational studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables , but they cannot determine which variable may have causes changes in the other variable

25
Q

Third variable problem

A

A problem thy occurs when the researcher cannot directly manipulate variables; as a result, the researcher cannot be confident that another, unmeasured variable is not the actual cause of differences in the variables of interest.

26
Q

Experiment

A

A research method that tests causal hypotheses my manipulating and measuring variables

27
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that gets manipulated in a research study

28
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that gets measured in a research study

29
Q

Operational definition

A

A definition that qualifies (describes) and quantifies (measures) a variable so the variable can be understood objectively

30
Q

Experimental group

A

The participants in an experiment who receive the treatment

31
Q

Control group

A

The participants in an experiment who receive no intervention or who receive an intervention that is unrelated to the independent variable being investigated

32
Q

Confound

A

Anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the experimental conditions of the study

33
Q

Population

A

Everyone in the group the experimenter is interested in

34
Q

Sample

A

A subset of a population

35
Q

Random assignment

A

Placing research participants in the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable.

36
Q

Selection bias

A

In an experiment, unintended differences between the participants in different groups; it could be caused by nonrandom assignments to groups.

37
Q

Culturally sensitive research

A

Studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings, and actions

38
Q

Institutional review boards (IRB)

A

Groups of people responsible for reviewing proposed research to ensure that it meets the accepted standards of science and provides for the physical and emotional well-being of research participants

39
Q

Construct validity

A

The extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

40
Q

External validity

A

The degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, or situations.

41
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not confounds

42
Q

Reliability

A

The degree to which a measure is stable and consistent over time

43
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which an experimental measure is free from error

44
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistics that summarize the data collected in a study

45
Q

Central tendency

A

A measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of a group as a whole

46
Q

Mean

A

A measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of a set of numbers

47
Q

Median

A

A measure of central tendency that is the value in a set of numbers that falls exactly halfway between the lowest and highest numbers

48
Q

Mode

A

A measure of central tendency that is the most frequent score or value in a set of numbers

49
Q

Variability

A

In a set of numbers, how widely dispersed the values are from each other and from the mean

50
Q

Standard deviation

A

A statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean

51
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A descriptive statistic that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

52
Q

Inferential statistics

A

A set of procedures that enable researchers to decide whether differences between two or more groups are probably just change variations or whether they reflect true differences in the populations being compared.

53
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A “study of studies” that combines the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion.

54
Q

What are the seven steps of the scientific method?

A

Framing research questions

Reviewing the scientific literature to see if and/or how people are testing the theory

Forming a hypothesis based on the theory

Choosing a research method to test the hypothesis

Conducting the research study

Analyzing the data

Disseminating the results

Psychology 201 (8 decks)

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