vocabulary pg 1-14

Question 1

what is macroevolution

Answer 1

progression of biodiversity over a long period of time

descent of many species from a common ancestor

involves speciation and extinction

Question 2

what is microevolution

Answer 2

changes in allele frequencies within a population over successive generations

Question 3

what is allele frequency

Answer 3

number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

Question 4

what are the 3 types of adaptations

Answer 4

structural
physiological
behavioural

Question 5

what is structural adaptation

Answer 5

specific part or feature of organisms body

ex : fluffy feathers, mimicry, camouflage

Question 6

what is physiological adaptation

Answer 6

permits an organism to preform a specific function

ex : hibernation

Question 7

what is behavioural adaptation

Answer 7

ways an organism acts

ex : migration, hunting strategies

Question 8

what is fitness ( reproductive success )

Answer 8

the relative contributor an organism makes to the next generation by producing offsprings that a VIABLE

Question 9

what is variation

Answer 9

the difference between individuals

Question 10

what are mutations

Answer 10

the starting point of genetic variation in populations

the changes in the DNA of an organism
- provide new alleles in a population
- the only source of new genetic variation within a species

Question 11

what are adaptations

Answer 11

structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Question 12

what is biological evolution

Answer 12

an inherited change that happens within a population

changes in allele frequencies in populations

Question 13

what is the connection between
mutations
variations
adaptations

Answer 13

An adaptation develops when a specific variation (random, heritable mutation in DNA) provides a select advantage
(genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction)

This advantageous variation will gradually accumulate in a population

Question 14

what is a fossil

Answer 14

a fossil is a chronological collection of a life’s remains n sedimentary rock layers, tar pits

shows history of life by showing the kinds of species that were alive in the past

Question 15

what does being viable mean

Question 16

what is comparative anatomy

Answer 16

study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species

Question 17

biochemical analysis

Answer 17

scientitist can determine how closely related two organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins

Question 18

embryology

Answer 18

the study of early pre birth stages of an organism development

embryos of closely related organism often have similar stages in development

Question 19

biogeography

Answer 19

teb study of distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time

Question 20

what are the 5 mechanisms for evolution

Answer 20

genetic drift
non random mating
mutations
gene flow
natural selection

Question 21

mechanism : mutations

Answer 21

change that randomly occurs in the DNA of an individual that is inheritable

only source of new alleles ( genes )

Question 22

what are neutral mutations

Answer 22

mutations that usually occur in non regions of genetic material and do not benefit or harm the organism

Question 23

beneficial mutations

Answer 23

mutations are rare but the environment selects them and therefore, alleles resulting from them accumulating over time

Question 24

harmful mutations

Answer 24

occur frequently but the environment selects against them and therefore alleles that result from them are rare

Question 25

what is natural selection

Answer 25

organisms with advantages heritable traits are selected for, selected and reproduced passing their traits to their offsprings

Question 26

selective pressure

Answer 26

selects for or against specific traits that allow the organism to survive and reproduce viable offsprings

Question 27

what are the 3 modes of natural selection

Answer 27

directional : results in shift of one extreme trait disruptive : selects for extreme phenotype and removes extreme characteristics stabilizing : selects against the characteristics that differ from the most common

Question 28

non random mating

Answer 28

2 types - inbreeding - preferred phenotypes

Question 29

assortative mating

Answer 29

when individuals mate with partners that are like themselves in certain characteristics

Question 30

disassortative mating

Answer 30

phenotypical disimilar organisms mate together

Question 31

sexual selection

Answer 31

certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex results in sexual dismorphism

Question 32

what is sexual dismorphism

Answer 32

a marked difference between males and females

Question 33

sexual vs natural selection

Answer 33

both focus on increasing fitness natural focuses on survival and reproductive success sexual doesn't focus on survival but it's ability to pass on traits

Question 34

preferred phenotypes vs sexual selection

Answer 34

preferred phenotypes - allele frequency does not change sexual selection - allele frequency does change

Question 35

genetic drift

Answer 35

change in allele or gene frequencies in small populations alleles can be lost at random from the population, causing dramatic changes in genetic makeup of the population

Question 36

what is the bottle neck affect

Answer 36

large temporary reduction in the population that may result in significantly genetic drift

Question 37

founder effect

Answer 37

by chance, small number dispersed individuals establish a new population at a distance from the original population causes a limited number of alleles to be present

Question 38

what is gene flow

Answer 38

movement of alleles from one population to another by movement of individuals alters allele frequency and increases genetic diversity

Question 39

what is the definition of a species

Answer 39

a group that has morphological differences from all other forms

Question 40

what is speciation

Answer 40

the formation of new species

Question 41

what are the 2 modes of speciation

Answer 41

allopatric : Most new species form when a single species are separated by a geographical barrier physical separation prevents the exchange of genetic information sympatric : Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from the larger population without geographic isolation a population of a species within a single geographical region splits into separate gene pools and forms separate species.

Question 42

what is reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 42

any behavioural structural or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully

Question 43

what is prezygotic mechanism

Answer 43

isolating mechanisms