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biology - evolution > vocabulary pg 1-14 > Flashcards

vocabulary pg 1-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is macroevolution

A

progression of biodiversity over a long period of time

descent of many species from a common ancestor

involves speciation and extinction

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2
Q

what is microevolution

A

changes in allele frequencies within a population over successive generations

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3
Q

what is allele frequency

A

number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations

A

structural
physiological
behavioural

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5
Q

what is structural adaptation

A

specific part or feature of organisms body

ex : fluffy feathers, mimicry, camouflage

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6
Q

what is physiological adaptation

A

permits an organism to preform a specific function

ex : hibernation

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7
Q

what is behavioural adaptation

A

ways an organism acts

ex : migration, hunting strategies

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8
Q

what is fitness ( reproductive success )

A

the relative contributor an organism makes to the next generation by producing offsprings that a VIABLE

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9
Q

what is variation

A

the difference between individuals

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10
Q

what are mutations

A

the starting point of genetic variation in populations

the changes in the DNA of an organism
- provide new alleles in a population
- the only source of new genetic variation within a species

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11
Q

what are adaptations

A

structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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12
Q

what is biological evolution

A

an inherited change that happens within a population

changes in allele frequencies in populations

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13
Q

what is the connection between
mutations
variations
adaptations

A

An adaptation develops when a specific variation (random, heritable mutation in DNA) provides a select advantage
(genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction)

This advantageous variation will gradually accumulate in a population

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14
Q

what is a fossil

A

a fossil is a chronological collection of a life’s remains n sedimentary rock layers, tar pits

shows history of life by showing the kinds of species that were alive in the past

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15
Q

what does being viable mean

A
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16
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species

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17
Q

biochemical analysis

A

scientitist can determine how closely related two organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins

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18
Q

embryology

A

the study of early pre birth stages of an organism development

embryos of closely related organism often have similar stages in development

19
Q

biogeography

A

teb study of distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time

20
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms for evolution

A

genetic drift
non random mating
mutations
gene flow
natural selection

21
Q

mechanism : mutations

A

change that randomly occurs in the DNA of an individual that is inheritable

only source of new alleles ( genes )

22
Q

what are neutral mutations

A

mutations that usually occur in non regions of genetic material and do not benefit or harm the organism

23
Q

beneficial mutations

A

mutations are rare but the environment selects them and therefore, alleles resulting from them accumulating over time

24
Q

harmful mutations

A

occur frequently but the environment selects against them and therefore alleles that result from them are rare

25
Q

what is natural selection

A

organisms with advantages heritable traits are selected for, selected and reproduced passing their traits to their offsprings

26
Q

selective pressure

A

selects for or against specific traits that allow the organism to survive and reproduce viable offsprings

27
Q

what are the 3 modes of natural selection

A

directional : results in shift of one extreme trait

disruptive : selects for extreme phenotype and removes extreme characteristics

stabilizing : selects against the characteristics that differ from the most common

28
Q

non random mating

A

2 types - inbreeding - preferred phenotypes

29
Q

assortative mating

A

when individuals mate with partners that are like themselves in certain characteristics

30
Q

disassortative mating

A

phenotypical disimilar organisms mate together

31
Q

sexual selection

A

certain characteristics are actively sought out by one sex

results in sexual dismorphism

32
Q

what is sexual dismorphism

A

a marked difference between males and females

33
Q

sexual vs natural selection

A

both focus on increasing fitness

natural focuses on survival and reproductive success

sexual doesn’t focus on survival but it’s ability to pass on traits

34
Q

preferred phenotypes vs sexual selection

A

preferred phenotypes - allele frequency does not change

sexual selection - allele frequency does change

35
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele or gene frequencies in small populations

alleles can be lost at random from the population, causing dramatic changes in genetic makeup of the population

36
Q

what is the bottle neck affect

A

large temporary reduction in the population that may result in significantly genetic drift

37
Q

founder effect

A

by chance, small number dispersed individuals establish a new population at a distance from the original population

causes a limited number of alleles to be present

38
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another by movement of individuals

alters allele frequency and increases genetic diversity

39
Q

what is the definition of a species

A

a group that has morphological differences from all other forms

40
Q

what is speciation

A

the formation of new species

41
Q

what are the 2 modes of speciation

A

allopatric :
Most new species form when a single species are separated by a geographical barrier
physical separation prevents the exchange of genetic information

sympatric :
Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from the larger population without geographic isolation

a population of a species within a single
geographical region splits into
separate gene pools and forms separate species.

42
Q

what is reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

any behavioural structural or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully

43
Q

what is prezygotic mechanism

A

isolating mechanisms

biology - evolution (2 decks)

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