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biology - evolution > evolution unit test > Flashcards

evolution unit test Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 mechanisms

A

pinky - genetic drift
ring - non random mating
middle - mutations
pointer - gene flow
thumb - natural selection

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2
Q

what are mutations\

A

changes that occur in DNA
only source of new alleles

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3
Q

what is beneficial mutation

A

mutations are rare but the environment selects them which results from them growing overtime

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4
Q

what is a neutral mutation

A

occur in no regions of genetic material so it doesn’t harm or benefit the organism

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5
Q

what is a harmful mutation

A

occur frequently but environment selects against them so alleles that come from them are rare

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6
Q

what is natural selection

A

organisms with advantages heritable traits are selected for an survive and reproduce

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7
Q

what is selective pressure

A

selects for or against a certain traits that allows the organism to survive and reproduce a viable offspring

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8
Q

what are the 3 modes of natural selection

A

disruptive
directional
stabilizing

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9
Q

what is disruptive selection

A

selects for the extreme phenotypes

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10
Q

what is directional selection

A

selects for just one extreme aspect of trait

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11
Q

what is stabilizing selection

A

selects against the characteristics that differ form the most common ancestors

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12
Q

what are the 3 types of non random mating

A

inbreeding
preferred phenotypes
sexual selection

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13
Q

what is inbreeding

A

incest

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14
Q

what are preferred phenotypes

A

selects for a mate based on physical and behavioural traits

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of preferred phenotypes

A

disassortative
when a mate selects for someone who doesn’t look like them

assortative
when a mate selects for someone who is like them

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16
Q

what is sexual selection

A

when a female (most of the time) chooses a mate by their physical and behavioural traits (strongest, most colorful)

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17
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

the differences between females and males

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18
Q

difference between natural and sexual selection

A

natural focuses on reproductive and survival success but sexual focuses on passing of traits

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19
Q

difference between preferred phenotypes and sexual selection

A

allele frequency changes in sexual selection but not in preferred phenotypes

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20
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in gene or allele frequency in small populations

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21
Q

what is the bottleneck effect (genetic drift)

A

large temporary reduction in the pop that results in lots of genetic drift
some alleles may be lost forever because only some individuals survive and reproduce

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22
Q

what is founders effect

A

when a small population leaves to make their own population distanced from old one

causes limited amount of alleles to be present

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23
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one pop to another by the moving of individuals
alters allele frequency
increases genetic diversity

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24
Q

what is macroevolution

A

progression of biodiversity over a long period of time

descent of many species from a common ancestor

involves speciation and extinction

25
Q

what is microevolution

A

changes in allele frequencies within a population over successive generations

26
Q

what is allele frequency

A

number of copies of an allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population

27
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptations

A

structural
physiological
behavioural

28
Q

what is structural adaptation

A

specific part or feature of organisms body

ex : fluffy feathers, mimicry, camouflage

29
Q

what is physiological adaptation

A

permits an organism to preform a specific function

ex : hibernation

30
Q

what is behavioural adaptation

A

ways an organism acts

ex : migration, hunting strategies

31
Q

what is fitness ( reproductive success )

A

the relative contributor an organism makes to the next generation by producing offsprings that a VIABLE

32
Q

what is variation

A

the difference between individuals

33
Q

what are mutations

A

the starting point of genetic variation in populations

the changes in the DNA of an organism
- provide new alleles in a population
- the only source of new genetic variation within a species

34
Q

what are adaptations

A

structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment

35
Q

what is biological evolution

A

an inherited change that happens within a population

changes in allele frequencies in populations

36
Q

what is the connection between
mutations
variations
adaptations

A

An adaptation develops when a specific variation (random, heritable mutation in DNA) provides a select advantage
(genetic advantage that improves an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction)

This advantageous variation will gradually accumulate in a population

37
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

study of similarities and differences in anatomy between species

38
Q

biochemical analysis

A

scientitist can determine how closely related two organisms are by comparing DNA and proteins

39
Q

embryology

A

the study of early pre birth stages of an organism development

embryos of closely related organism often have similar stages in development

40
Q

biogeography

A

the study of distribution of organisms and ecosystems in space and through geological time

41
Q

what is the definition of a species

A

a group that has morphological differences from all other forms

42
Q

what is speciation

A

the formation of new species

43
Q

what are the 2 modes of speciation

A

allopatric :
Most new species form when a single species are separated by a geographical barrier
physical separation prevents the exchange of genetic information

sympatric :
Individuals within a population become genetically isolated from the larger population without geographic isolation

a population of a species within a single geographical region splits into separate gene pools and forms separate species.

44
Q

how do populations become reproductively isolated in sympatric speciation

A

reproductive isolating mechanisms

45
Q

what is reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

any behavioural structural or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully

46
Q

what is prezygotic reproducing isolating mechanism

A

isolating mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization

47
Q

what is a postzygotic reproducing isolating mechanism

A

isolating mechanisms that prevent viable or fertile offspring

48
Q

what are the 3 mating prevention’s (prezygotic)

A

ecological isolation
temporal isolation
behavioural isolation

49
Q

what is ecological isolation

A

species that occupy separate habitats or separate niches of the same habitat do not meet to mate

50
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

Temporal conditions refer to time of day, seasons or different years

Different species mate at different times

51
Q

what is behavioural isolation

A

The courtship and mating cues for attracting a mate are very specific for each species

Distinctive mating rituals in one species will not be recognized by another

52
Q

what are the 2 fertilizing prevention’s (prezygotic)

A

mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

53
Q

what is mechanical isolation

A

Structural differences in reproductive organs prevent copulation (the key does not fit the lock)

54
Q

what is gametic isolation

A

Prevents fertilization at the molecular level

Egg and sperm fail to fuse

55
Q

what are the postzygotic reproducing isolating mechanisms

A

zygotic mortality
hybrid inviability
hybrid infertility

56
Q

what is zygotic mortality

A

Fertilized zygotes die before birth

Chromosomes are not compatible

57
Q

what is hybrid inviability

A

The embryo develops and dies before birth or is born alive, experiences reduced survival and does not survive to reproduce

58
Q

what is hybrid infertility

A

Hybrids do develop normally and reach sexual maturity, but are sterile (do not produce viable gametes)

59
Q

what are fossils

A

a fossil is a chronological collection of a life’s remains n sedimentary rock layers, tar pits

shows history of life by showing the kinds of species that were alive in the past

biology - evolution (3 decks)

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