Vocabulary - Exam 2 Flashcards
Rocky Intertidal
zones dictated by amount of exposure to air
Spray Zone
highest high tide, never submerged (lichens, snails)
High Tide Zone
lowest high tide, only submerged during highest high tide (cyanobacteria, barnacles, algae)
Mid Tide Zone
submerged and exposed during each tidal cycle (barnacles and mussels dominated)
Low Tide Zone
lowest low tide; exposed briefly at low tide; HIGHEST DIVERSITY (starfish, algae)
Subtidal Zone
never exposed; always submerged; high energy wave (algae dominated)
Tide Pools
harsh living conditions (limited O2 and nutrients, temperature and salinity changes dramatically)
Cryptobiosis
form of dried dormancy that lasts years - ie. fungus
Hypersaline
increase concentration = loss of water = sun
Hyposaline
decrease concentration = dilution of water = rain
Cross tolerance
exposed to 1 stressor allows tolerance for that one but also for others that come with it
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
If disturbance is moderate - longer lived competitive species and shorter lived colonizer species will coexist; HIGHER DIVERSITY
Trophic Cascade
occur when predators in food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level prom predation
Bottom-Up Control
nutrient availability drives primary productivity - drives densities of high trophic levels
Top-Down Control
Predators control densities of lower trophic levels
Keystone Species
one whose impact on its community of ecosystem is disproportionately relative to its abundance (ie. starfish and sea otters)
Connectivity
level of connectedness between species within a system
Species redundancy
multiple species fulfill the same ecological role
Exploitative competition
compete based on resources - no direct interactions
Interference competition
direct competition within each other for resources
Symbioses
living together of 2 heterospecific organisms
Phoresis
2 species interactions, non-obligatory relationship, no fitness advantage/detriment (ie. barnacles and mussels)
Mutualism
reciprocal benefit for both participants (higher fitness advantage for both) i.e.. anemone and zooxanthellae
Commensalism
asymmetrical benefit, increase fitness for one but no harm for the other; ie. remora and fish/shark
Parasitism
asymmetrical benefit, one species increase fitness and others harmed, i.e., trematode/snail
Estuary
semi-enclosed area where freshwater from river runoff meets sea water (ie. lagoons, sloughs, bays)
Salt Marsh
grasses tolerate to salt, but each exist at a different salt marsh height - found in Cali and east coast
Mangroves
Derived from terrestrial plants and adapted to salty, anoxic shores - found 0-30 degrees
Pneumatophores
root extension above sediment that collect O2 for mangroves
Prop Roots
stem from trunk or branches of mangroves
Hermatypic corals
cnidaria that build reefs in the form of the CaCO3 skeletons
Fringe Reefs
near shore, narrow band of coral, and vulnerable to runoff/pollution
Barrier Reef
offshore, separated from land by a deep lagoon
Back Reef Slope
patches of coral, not one continuous structure (found in barrier reefs)
Fore Reef Slope
exposed to open ocean (found in barrier reefs)
Atoll Reef
formed by the subsidence of an island
Ostium
small incurrent opening (porifera)
Osculum
large excurrent opening at top (porifera)
Spongocoel
central cavity (atrium) (porifera)
Choanocyte
flagellated cell that pulls water in through the ostrium (line inside of entire sponge) (porifera)
Pinacocytes
tough epithelial cells that line surface to form pinacoderm (porifera)
Mesohyls
organic matrix of porifera cells
Suspension Feeders
eat particles suspended in the water
Cnidocytes
stinging cells unique to the Cnidaria
Diploblast
2 cellular layers (ectoderm and endoderm); unique to the Cnidaria
Prokaryotes
Smaller than euks, no true uncles, DNA circular, no mitochondria or chloroplasts, cell movement by flagella made of flagellin, and cell division through binary fission
Eukaryotes
Bigger than pros, true nucleus (two layer wall), DNA linear and inside nucleus, have mitochondria and chloroplasts, cell movement by flagella or cilia made of tubilin, single cells, colonies, or cell specialization, cell division through mitosis and meiosis
Viruses
are not alive because no common ancestor, do not have own metabolism, and gain heredity information from host
The Microbial Loop
TML is a depiction of the microbial food web. The pathway starts with dissolved organic matter (DOM) which makes its way through various trophic levels ultimately to the highest trophic levels.
- dead plants and animal break down (DOM)
- DOM consumed by bacteria
- nutrients are leak during DOM consumption and/or released when viral infected bacteria rupture
- phytoplankton take up nutrients
- bacteria are eaten by flagellates and cilia
Diazotroph
organisms that fix nitrogen
Heterocysts
nitrogen fixation occurs in a special, non-photosynthetic, anoxic cell that creates enzymes to break apart O2
Autotrophs
Produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules and an external source of energy (self feed) (ie. cyanobacteria)
Phototroph
converts solar energy into chemical energy for photosynthesis; Calvin Cycle uses the energy to convert CO2 from the atmosphere to glucose (organic sugars) (ie. algae)
Chemotrophs
Energy from oxidation creates ATP; chemotrophs support the hydrothermal vent communities (ie. bacteria)
Heterotrophs
Requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development (ie. filter feedings - barnacles, sponges)
Mixotroph
growth through both autotrophy and heterotroph (i.e. giant clams)
