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Marine Biology > Vocabulary - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Vocabulary - Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Rocky Intertidal

A

zones dictated by amount of exposure to air

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2
Q

Spray Zone

A

highest high tide, never submerged (lichens, snails)

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3
Q

High Tide Zone

A

lowest high tide, only submerged during highest high tide (cyanobacteria, barnacles, algae)

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4
Q

Mid Tide Zone

A

submerged and exposed during each tidal cycle (barnacles and mussels dominated)

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5
Q

Low Tide Zone

A

lowest low tide; exposed briefly at low tide; HIGHEST DIVERSITY (starfish, algae)

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6
Q

Subtidal Zone

A

never exposed; always submerged; high energy wave (algae dominated)

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7
Q

Tide Pools

A

harsh living conditions (limited O2 and nutrients, temperature and salinity changes dramatically)

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8
Q

Cryptobiosis

A

form of dried dormancy that lasts years - ie. fungus

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9
Q

Hypersaline

A

increase concentration = loss of water = sun

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10
Q

Hyposaline

A

decrease concentration = dilution of water = rain

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11
Q

Cross tolerance

A

exposed to 1 stressor allows tolerance for that one but also for others that come with it

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12
Q

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

A

If disturbance is moderate - longer lived competitive species and shorter lived colonizer species will coexist; HIGHER DIVERSITY

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13
Q

Trophic Cascade

A

occur when predators in food web suppress the abundance or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level prom predation

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14
Q

Bottom-Up Control

A

nutrient availability drives primary productivity - drives densities of high trophic levels

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15
Q

Top-Down Control

A

Predators control densities of lower trophic levels

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16
Q

Keystone Species

A

one whose impact on its community of ecosystem is disproportionately relative to its abundance (ie. starfish and sea otters)

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17
Q

Connectivity

A

level of connectedness between species within a system

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18
Q

Species redundancy

A

multiple species fulfill the same ecological role

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19
Q

Exploitative competition

A

compete based on resources - no direct interactions

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20
Q

Interference competition

A

direct competition within each other for resources

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21
Q

Symbioses

A

living together of 2 heterospecific organisms

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22
Q

Phoresis

A

2 species interactions, non-obligatory relationship, no fitness advantage/detriment (ie. barnacles and mussels)

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23
Q

Mutualism

A

reciprocal benefit for both participants (higher fitness advantage for both) i.e.. anemone and zooxanthellae

24
Q

Commensalism

A

asymmetrical benefit, increase fitness for one but no harm for the other; ie. remora and fish/shark

25
Q

Parasitism

A

asymmetrical benefit, one species increase fitness and others harmed, i.e., trematode/snail

26
Q

Estuary

A

semi-enclosed area where freshwater from river runoff meets sea water (ie. lagoons, sloughs, bays)

27
Q

Salt Marsh

A

grasses tolerate to salt, but each exist at a different salt marsh height - found in Cali and east coast

28
Q

Mangroves

A

Derived from terrestrial plants and adapted to salty, anoxic shores - found 0-30 degrees

29
Q

Pneumatophores

A

root extension above sediment that collect O2 for mangroves

30
Q

Prop Roots

A

stem from trunk or branches of mangroves

31
Q

Hermatypic corals

A

cnidaria that build reefs in the form of the CaCO3 skeletons

32
Q

Fringe Reefs

A

near shore, narrow band of coral, and vulnerable to runoff/pollution

33
Q

Barrier Reef

A

offshore, separated from land by a deep lagoon

34
Q

Back Reef Slope

A

patches of coral, not one continuous structure (found in barrier reefs)

35
Q

Fore Reef Slope

A

exposed to open ocean (found in barrier reefs)

36
Q

Atoll Reef

A

formed by the subsidence of an island

37
Q

Ostium

A

small incurrent opening (porifera)

38
Q

Osculum

A

large excurrent opening at top (porifera)

39
Q

Spongocoel

A

central cavity (atrium) (porifera)

40
Q

Choanocyte

A

flagellated cell that pulls water in through the ostrium (line inside of entire sponge) (porifera)

41
Q

Pinacocytes

A

tough epithelial cells that line surface to form pinacoderm (porifera)

42
Q

Mesohyls

A

organic matrix of porifera cells

43
Q

Suspension Feeders

A

eat particles suspended in the water

44
Q

Cnidocytes

A

stinging cells unique to the Cnidaria

45
Q

Diploblast

A

2 cellular layers (ectoderm and endoderm); unique to the Cnidaria

46
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Smaller than euks, no true uncles, DNA circular, no mitochondria or chloroplasts, cell movement by flagella made of flagellin, and cell division through binary fission

47
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Bigger than pros, true nucleus (two layer wall), DNA linear and inside nucleus, have mitochondria and chloroplasts, cell movement by flagella or cilia made of tubilin, single cells, colonies, or cell specialization, cell division through mitosis and meiosis

48
Q

Viruses

A

are not alive because no common ancestor, do not have own metabolism, and gain heredity information from host

49
Q

The Microbial Loop

A

TML is a depiction of the microbial food web. The pathway starts with dissolved organic matter (DOM) which makes its way through various trophic levels ultimately to the highest trophic levels.

  • dead plants and animal break down (DOM)
  • DOM consumed by bacteria
  • nutrients are leak during DOM consumption and/or released when viral infected bacteria rupture
  • phytoplankton take up nutrients
  • bacteria are eaten by flagellates and cilia
50
Q

Diazotroph

A

organisms that fix nitrogen

51
Q

Heterocysts

A

nitrogen fixation occurs in a special, non-photosynthetic, anoxic cell that creates enzymes to break apart O2

52
Q

Autotrophs

A

Produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules and an external source of energy (self feed) (ie. cyanobacteria)

53
Q

Phototroph

A

converts solar energy into chemical energy for photosynthesis; Calvin Cycle uses the energy to convert CO2 from the atmosphere to glucose (organic sugars) (ie. algae)

54
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Energy from oxidation creates ATP; chemotrophs support the hydrothermal vent communities (ie. bacteria)

55
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development (ie. filter feedings - barnacles, sponges)

56
Q

Mixotroph

A

growth through both autotrophy and heterotroph (i.e. giant clams)

Marine Biology (6 decks)

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