Vocabulary Chpt. 5&6

Question 1

The capacity of any object to do work

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

Is the energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position

Answer 2

Potential Energy

Question 3

Is another form potential energy; it is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and ions

Answer 3

Chemical Energy

Question 4

Is the energy that a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion

Answer 4

Kinetic Energy

Question 5

Thermal, can be considered a type of kinetic energyq

Answer 5

Heat Energy

Question 6

Energy can neither be created nore destroyed, but only converted from one form to another

Answer 6

First law of Thermodynamics

Question 7

State that the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized, more disorderly

Answer 7

Second law of Thermodynamics

Question 8

Refers to all the chemical reactions within a living cell that capture, store, or use energy

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

Most chemical reactions in a cell occur in chain of linked events called

Answer 9

Metabolic Pathways

Question 10

Refers to the inked chain of reactions to release chemical energy in the process of breaking down complex biomolecules

Answer 10

Catabolism

Question 11

Refers to the linked chain of energy requiring reactions that create complex biomolecules from smaller organic compounds

Answer 11

Anabolism

Question 12

Small energy rich organic molecule, used as an energy delivery service

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

Energy is released when a molecule of ATP loses its terminal phosphate group breaking into a molecule of

Answer 13

ADP

Question 14

Is the loss of electrons from a molecule, atom or ion

Answer 14

Oxidation

Question 15

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion

Answer 15

Reduction

Question 16

Because the two processes are complementary, oxidation and reduction go hand in hand, and the paired processes are called

Answer 16

Redox Reaction

Question 17

The oxygen dependent catabolic reaction that your cells use to extract energy from food

Answer 17

Cellular Respiration

Question 18

Starting materials before the reaction

Answer 18

Reactants

Question 19

The materials formed after the reaction

Answer 19

Product

Question 20

Biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 20

Enzymes

Question 21

A chemical that speeds up chemical reactions without itself being change in the course of the reaction

Answer 21

Catalyst

Question 22

The specific reactants that bind to a particular enzyme are called the

Answer 22

Substrates

Question 23

Firts only substrates with the correct three dimensional shape and chemical characteristics

Answer 23

Active site

Question 24

as a substrate eneters the active site the parts of the enzyme shift about slightly to enable the active site to mold itself around the substrate

Answer 24

Induced Fit Model

Question 25

the minimum energy input that enable atoms and molecules to react is called the

Answer 25

Activation energy

Question 26

enzymes are involved in catalyzing the steps in sequences of chemical reactions known as

Answer 26

Metabolic Pathways

Question 27

small organic molecules specilized for receiving, storing, and delivering energy within the cell.

Answer 27

Energy Carriers

Question 28

delivers electrons and hydrogen ions to metabolic pathways that build macromolecules

Answer 28

NADPH

Question 29

Specializes in picking up the electrons and hydrogen ions released by metabolic pathways that take apart macromolecules

Answer 29

NADH

Question 30

A light depedent metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, eventually yielding glucose

Answer 30

Photosynthesis

Question 31

Photosynthesis takes place in organelles called

Answer 31

Chloroplast

Question 32

A green pigment that specializes in absorbing light energy

Answer 32

Chlorphyll

Question 33

One of the two principal stages of photosynthesis, water molecules are split and oxygen is released

Answer 33

Light reactions

Question 34

One of the two principal stages of photosynthesis, a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions converts CO2 into sugar

Answer 34

Calvin Cycle

Question 35

Cellular respiration begins the cytosol and is completed in the

Answer 35

Mitochondrion

Question 36

The first stage of cellular respiration, sugars are split to make a three carbon compound, releasing two molecules of ATP and t wo molecules of NADH for each glucose molecule that is split

Answer 36

Glycolysis

Question 37

Second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvates enters the mitochondrion and is completely degraded by enzyme driven reactions, releasing CO2, producing a large amount of ATp and NADH

Answer 37

Krebs Cycle

Question 38

The final step of cellular respiration, The chemical energy of NADH is converted into the chemical energy of ATP through a membrane dependent process. Electrons and hydrogen atoms removed from NADH are handed over to molecular oxygen, creating water.

Answer 38

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 39

Light can be thought of as a stream of massless particles called

Answer 39

Photons

Question 40

The outer layers of a leaf are ppockmarked with many microscopic pores called

Answer 40

stomata

Question 41

The inner of the two membranes encloses a gel-like fluid that makes up the

Answer 41

Stroma

Question 42

Inside the stroma is a network of interconnected membrane enclosed sacs, the sacs are called

Answer 42

Thylakoids

Question 43

The thylakoid membrane is densely packed with many disclike clusters of pigments complexed with proteins, each disclike groups is known as

Answer 43

Antenna Complex

Question 44

The Antenna complex captures light energy, and funnels it to an enzyme chlorophyll complex known as the

Answer 44

Reaction Center

Question 45

A series of electron accepting molecules embedded next to each other in the thylakoid membrane

Answer 45

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 46

the combinations of an antenna complex and its associated reaction venter is called a

Answer 46

Photosystem

Question 47

Second discovered, associated with the splitting of water, and the generation of electrons, oxygen gas and hydrogen ions

Answer 47

Photosystem II

Question 48

First discovered, recieves electrons from photosystem II and after traveling down a relatively short electron transport chain

Answer 48

Photosystem I

Question 49

As protons accumulate inside the thylakoid space, their concentration builds up relative to the thylakoid space, their concentration builds up relative to the hydrogen ion concentration in the stroma, creating a

Answer 49

Proton Gradient

Question 50

Because the thylakoid membrane will not allow protons to pass through it, the only way for them to cross the membrane is through a large, channel containing protein complex called

Answer 50

ATP Synthase

Question 51

Catalyzes the first reaction of the Calvin cycle,

Answer 51

Rubisco

Question 52

The conversion of inorganic carbon to organic molecules, is known as

Answer 52

Carbon Fixation

Question 53

The first stable product of CO2 fixation in these plants is a three-carbon molecule, PGA

Answer 53

C3 Plants

Question 54

The series of chemical reactions that begins with rubisco adding oxygen to RuBP and ends in the release of CO2 is called

Answer 54

Photorespiration

Question 55

Common in plants that live in hot sunny and relatievly dry conditions

Answer 55

C4 Pathways

Question 56

Common in plants that live in desert environments

Answer 56

CAM Pathways

Question 57

In these carbon dioxide is converted into four-carbon molecules in the mesophyll cells of the leaf

Answer 57

C4 Plants

Question 58

These plants open their stomata only at night, when the temperature is lower and the air is not as dry

Answer 58

Crassulacean Acid metabolism Plants (CAM)

Question 59

Three carbon organic molecules called

Answer 59

pyruvate

Question 60

A process that does not require O2

Answer 60

Anaerobic

Question 61

Begins in glycolysis followed by a special set of reactions, whose only roleis to help perpetuate glycolysis

Answer 61

Fermentation

Question 62

A process that does require O2

Answer 62

Aerobic

Question 63

The Krebs cycle is also called the

Answer 63

Citric Cycle