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Biology Key concepts and definitions > Vocabulary Chpt. 5&6 > Flashcards

Vocabulary Chpt. 5&6 Flashcards

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1
Q

The capacity of any object to do work

A

Energy

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2
Q

Is the energy stored in any system as a consequence of its position

A

Potential Energy

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3
Q

Is another form potential energy; it is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms and ions

A

Chemical Energy

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4
Q

Is the energy that a system possesses as a consequence of its state of motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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5
Q

Thermal, can be considered a type of kinetic energyq

A

Heat Energy

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6
Q

Energy can neither be created nore destroyed, but only converted from one form to another

A

First law of Thermodynamics

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7
Q

State that the natural tendency of the universe is to become less organized, more disorderly

A

Second law of Thermodynamics

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8
Q

Refers to all the chemical reactions within a living cell that capture, store, or use energy

A

Metabolism

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9
Q

Most chemical reactions in a cell occur in chain of linked events called

A

Metabolic Pathways

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10
Q

Refers to the inked chain of reactions to release chemical energy in the process of breaking down complex biomolecules

A

Catabolism

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11
Q

Refers to the linked chain of energy requiring reactions that create complex biomolecules from smaller organic compounds

A

Anabolism

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12
Q

Small energy rich organic molecule, used as an energy delivery service

A

ATP

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13
Q

Energy is released when a molecule of ATP loses its terminal phosphate group breaking into a molecule of

A

ADP

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14
Q

Is the loss of electrons from a molecule, atom or ion

A

Oxidation

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15
Q

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion

A

Reduction

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16
Q

Because the two processes are complementary, oxidation and reduction go hand in hand, and the paired processes are called

A

Redox Reaction

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17
Q

The oxygen dependent catabolic reaction that your cells use to extract energy from food

A

Cellular Respiration

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18
Q

Starting materials before the reaction

A

Reactants

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19
Q

The materials formed after the reaction

A

Product

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20
Q

Biomolecules that speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

A chemical that speeds up chemical reactions without itself being change in the course of the reaction

A

Catalyst

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22
Q

The specific reactants that bind to a particular enzyme are called the

A

Substrates

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23
Q

Firts only substrates with the correct three dimensional shape and chemical characteristics

A

Active site

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24
Q

as a substrate eneters the active site the parts of the enzyme shift about slightly to enable the active site to mold itself around the substrate

A

Induced Fit Model

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25
Q

the minimum energy input that enable atoms and molecules to react is called the

A

Activation energy

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26
Q

enzymes are involved in catalyzing the steps in sequences of chemical reactions known as

A

Metabolic Pathways

27
Q

small organic molecules specilized for receiving, storing, and delivering energy within the cell.

A

Energy Carriers

28
Q

delivers electrons and hydrogen ions to metabolic pathways that build macromolecules

A

NADPH

29
Q

Specializes in picking up the electrons and hydrogen ions released by metabolic pathways that take apart macromolecules

A

NADH

30
Q

A light depedent metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, eventually yielding glucose

A

Photosynthesis

31
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in organelles called

A

Chloroplast

32
Q

A green pigment that specializes in absorbing light energy

A

Chlorphyll

33
Q

One of the two principal stages of photosynthesis, water molecules are split and oxygen is released

A

Light reactions

34
Q

One of the two principal stages of photosynthesis, a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions converts CO2 into sugar

A

Calvin Cycle

35
Q

Cellular respiration begins the cytosol and is completed in the

A

Mitochondrion

36
Q

The first stage of cellular respiration, sugars are split to make a three carbon compound, releasing two molecules of ATP and t wo molecules of NADH for each glucose molecule that is split

A

Glycolysis

37
Q

Second stage of cellular respiration, pyruvates enters the mitochondrion and is completely degraded by enzyme driven reactions, releasing CO2, producing a large amount of ATp and NADH

A

Krebs Cycle

38
Q

The final step of cellular respiration, The chemical energy of NADH is converted into the chemical energy of ATP through a membrane dependent process. Electrons and hydrogen atoms removed from NADH are handed over to molecular oxygen, creating water.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

39
Q

Light can be thought of as a stream of massless particles called

A

Photons

40
Q

The outer layers of a leaf are ppockmarked with many microscopic pores called

A

stomata

41
Q

The inner of the two membranes encloses a gel-like fluid that makes up the

A

Stroma

42
Q

Inside the stroma is a network of interconnected membrane enclosed sacs, the sacs are called

A

Thylakoids

43
Q

The thylakoid membrane is densely packed with many disclike clusters of pigments complexed with proteins, each disclike groups is known as

A

Antenna Complex

44
Q

The Antenna complex captures light energy, and funnels it to an enzyme chlorophyll complex known as the

A

Reaction Center

45
Q

A series of electron accepting molecules embedded next to each other in the thylakoid membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

46
Q

the combinations of an antenna complex and its associated reaction venter is called a

A

Photosystem

47
Q

Second discovered, associated with the splitting of water, and the generation of electrons, oxygen gas and hydrogen ions

A

Photosystem II

48
Q

First discovered, recieves electrons from photosystem II and after traveling down a relatively short electron transport chain

A

Photosystem I

49
Q

As protons accumulate inside the thylakoid space, their concentration builds up relative to the thylakoid space, their concentration builds up relative to the hydrogen ion concentration in the stroma, creating a

A

Proton Gradient

50
Q

Because the thylakoid membrane will not allow protons to pass through it, the only way for them to cross the membrane is through a large, channel containing protein complex called

A

ATP Synthase

51
Q

Catalyzes the first reaction of the Calvin cycle,

A

Rubisco

52
Q

The conversion of inorganic carbon to organic molecules, is known as

A

Carbon Fixation

53
Q

The first stable product of CO2 fixation in these plants is a three-carbon molecule, PGA

A

C3 Plants

54
Q

The series of chemical reactions that begins with rubisco adding oxygen to RuBP and ends in the release of CO2 is called

A

Photorespiration

55
Q

Common in plants that live in hot sunny and relatievly dry conditions

A

C4 Pathways

56
Q

Common in plants that live in desert environments

A

CAM Pathways

57
Q

In these carbon dioxide is converted into four-carbon molecules in the mesophyll cells of the leaf

A

C4 Plants

58
Q

These plants open their stomata only at night, when the temperature is lower and the air is not as dry

A

Crassulacean Acid metabolism Plants (CAM)

59
Q

Three carbon organic molecules called

A

pyruvate

60
Q

A process that does not require O2

A

Anaerobic

61
Q

Begins in glycolysis followed by a special set of reactions, whose only roleis to help perpetuate glycolysis

A

Fermentation

62
Q

A process that does require O2

A

Aerobic

63
Q

The Krebs cycle is also called the

A

Citric Cycle

Biology Key concepts and definitions (3 decks)

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