Vocabulary and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistic Competence

A

-the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language.
-related to the use of language through the expression and interpretation of concepts, thoughts, feelings, facts, and opinions in order to perform oral and written discussions.

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2
Q

Linguistic Performance

A

-real world linguistic output and may actually reflect on competence but may include speech errors the way a language system is used in communication.

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3
Q

Performance Error

A

-the performance of a speaker may not be fault free, even though his or her competence is perfect.

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4
Q

Speech Communication Chain

A

-the transition of information from a speaker, through a connecting medium, to a listener.

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5
Q

Speech Communication Chain Steps

A

-Encoding of pronunciation elements of the message as articulations (articulatory planning & execution)
-Aeroacoustic processes that generate sound from articulation (speech acoustics)
-Transmission of sound (acoustics)
-Audition of sound (hearing)
-Interpretation of auditory sensations in terms of pronunciation elements (speech perception)

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6
Q

Noise

A

-a sound that has a psychological component (wanted or not) and a physical component (processed via the ear and brain) Noise has to be detectable, can vary between people.
-Measured in decibels (dB)

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7
Q

Lexicon

A

-A language is its vocabulary, including its words, signs, and expressions.

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8
Q

Mental Grammar

A

-All the rules you know about your language
-Linguistic Competence
-Descriptive grammar

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9
Q

Language Variation

A

-the difference in the way things are said within a single language.
(There is more than one way to say the same thing. Language variation can occur with how words are pronounced.)

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10
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

-lay out the grammatical elements and rules of a language as it is actually used.

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11
Q

-written language tends to be more formal and complex than spoken language.
-Spoken sentences also tend to be shorter than those found in essays.
-Oral communication is an informal way, whereas written communication is often in a formal way.
-Writing is the expressive mode of written language and involves using written symbols of language to communicate

A

Evidence that writing and language are not the same

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12
Q

-Writing is usually more durable or permanent.
-Writing could take more discipline.
-You have to gather your thoughts and literally spell them out. People believe it can make them clearer, both to themselves and audience.
-Speaking is harder in many ways than writing because it is performance. You have to do it live.
-Writing requires more adherence to the rules of grammar, is less forgiving of mistakes.

A

Reasons some people believe writing to be superior to speech

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13
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

-Rules that tell people how they should speak (and write)

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14
Q

Prescribe

A

-The ideology and practices in which the correct and incorrect uses of a language or specific linguistic items are laid down by explicit rules that are externally imposed on the users of that language.

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15
Q

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

A

Mode of communication, Semanticity, Pragmatic function, Interchangeability, Cultural transmission, Arbitrariness, Discreteness, Displacement, Productivity

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16
Q

Mode of Communication

A

-The medium or channel through which communicative intent is expressed. (Typical communication modes include natural speech, facial expression and gesture. Exceptional communication modes include the use of graphic symbols or synthetic speech)

17
Q

Semanticity

A

The quality of conveying meaning through utterances.

18
Q

Pragmatic Function

A

-The meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person they are speaking to.
(Now usually the meaning of the individual words will give the addressee the meaning that the speaker wants to give, but NOT always.)

19
Q

Interchangeability

A

-The idea that humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals.

20
Q

Cultural Transmission

A

-The process through which cultural elements, in the form of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behavioral scripts, are passed onto and taught to individuals and groups.

21
Q

Arbitrariness

A

-The meaning of linguistic signs is not predictable from its word form, nor is the word form dictated by its meaning/function.

22
Q

Linguistic sign

A

-The way in which we process signifiers that has nothing to do with the special relationships with the signifieds but is a result of their difference from other signifiers.

23
Q

Convention

A

-A principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic.

24
Q

Non-arbitrariness

A

-the converse of arbitrariness, a relation between form and meaning such that aspects of a word’s meaning or grammatical function can be predicted from aspects of its form.

25
Q

Iconic

A

-A relationship of resemblance or similarity between the two aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning.
(An iconic sign is one whose form resembles its meaning in some way.)

26
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

-The naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it (such as buzz or hiss). (Onomatopoeia may also refer to the use of words whose sound suggests the sense.)

27
Q

Conventionalized

A

-Having become usual and generally accepted, or done in a way that is usual and generally accepted.
(Words and phrases that have a conventionalized rather than a literal meaning are also known as phatic expressions: examples are greetings and farewells.)

28
Q

Sound Symbolism

A

-The resemblance between sound and meaning. It is a form of linguistic iconicity.
(ex. ding the word can sound like the sound)

29
Q

Discreteness

A

-The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. Each sound is treated as a discrete unit, and the occurrence of one sound instead of the other leads to a misuse of language.

30
Q

Displacement

A

-The capability of language to communicate about things that are not immediately present (spatially or temporally)
Ex. things that are either not here or are not here now.

31
Q

Productivity

A

-The degree to which speakers of a language use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation.

32
Q

Modality

A

-Refers to the ways language can express various relationships to reality or truth.

33
Q

-People who speak sign language can also read lips
-There’s only a few types of sign language, and they’re all similar.
-If you’re talking to a Deaf person, speak slowly so they can understand you
-When using an ASL interpreter, tell the interpreter what you want them to say to the patient

A

Myths about signed languages

34
Q

-Codes are simple modes of communication that translate information through decipherable symbols.
-Examples of codes would be nautical flags, morse code, pig latin
-Identifiable phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics is language
-Language consists of and is created through immersion in social activity, there is no such thing as a “private language” known only to an individual.

A

Differences between codes and languages.