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Biology 2nd Semester Final > Vocabulary > Flashcards

Vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomy or _____.

A

Classification

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2
Q

Reproductive success in biology is quantified as _____, or the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation.

A

Fitness

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3
Q

_________ is the movement of alleles from one population to another.

A

Gene flow

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4
Q

The entire DNA sequence of a species is called it’s _____.

A

Genome

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5
Q

______ is the idea that evolution occurs slowly throughout time.

A

Gradualism

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6
Q

Alterations in timing of development events due to a genetic change are called_______.

A

Heterochrony

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7
Q

Structures that have different appearances and functions but are derived from a common ancestor are termed ______ structures.

A

Homologous

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8
Q

Gene swapping between different species, far more prevalent earlier in the history of life than now, is referred to as _______ gene transfer.

A

Horizontal

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9
Q

The phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones in sooty,urbanized areas is called______.

A

Industrial Melanism

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10
Q

A sharp, dramatic decline in species number is know as __________.

A

Mass Extinction

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11
Q

A _____ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

A

Monophyletic

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12
Q

Genes with the same ancestral sequence are known as _______.

A

Orthologues

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13
Q

______ group consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants.

A

Paraphyletic

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14
Q

______ group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.

A

Polyphyletic

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15
Q

The process that produces individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes is known as _____.

A

Polyploidy

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16
Q

Genes that have DNA sequences similar to functional genes but that do not appear to produce any functional products are _____.

A

Pseudogenes

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17
Q

________________ is the idea that species experience long periods of stasis followed by bursts of evolutionary change.

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

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18
Q

A defined population within a single species that has different characteristics is known as _____.

A

Subspecies

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19
Q

A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called ______ of that clade.

A

Synapomorphy

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20
Q

Over long segments of chromosomes, the linear order of mouse and human genes is the same. This is called conservation of _____.

A

Synteny

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21
Q

The reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships is called _____.

A

Systematics

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22
Q

Genes are assumed to be passed from generation to generation. This process is called _______ gene transfer

A

Vertical

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23
Q

The viruses that infect bacteria are called _______.

A

Bacteriophages

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24
Q

Fungi, together with bacteria are the principal _______ in the biosphere.

A

Decomposers

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25
Q

The ginkgo is an example of a ______ plant in which male and female reproductive structures are produced on separate trees.

A

Dioecious

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26
Q

Endosymbiotic relationships between prokaryotes eventually into more complex cells types called ______.

A

Eukaryotic

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27
Q

__________ bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan wall and stain a purple color.

A

Gram-positive

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28
Q

Plants have a ______ life cycle in which the haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.

A

Haplodiplontic

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29
Q

_____ infects the CD4 +T cells, which are required for normal immunity

A

HIV

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30
Q

The symbiotic relationship between green algae or cyanobacteria and fungi produce _______.

A

Lichens

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31
Q

The Swedish biologist, ______, developed a simpler two-part ( binomial) naming system for organisms.

A

Linnaeus

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32
Q

______ are organisms that obtain their energy by using hydrogen gas to reduce carbon dioxide to methane gas.

A

Methanogens

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33
Q

A Mass of connected hyphae is called a ______.

A

Mycelium

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34
Q

Cell walls of bacteria ( domain Bacteria) usually consist of _____ a network of polysaccharide molecules connected by polypeptide cross-links.

A

Peptidoglycan

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35
Q

Autotrophic protists that are photosynthetic are called _______.

A

Phototrophs

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36
Q

_____ grains are immature male gametophytes.

A

Pollen

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37
Q

Organelles, such as a nucleus and mitochondria, are not present in _____ organisms.

A

Prokaryotic

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38
Q

The object called a ____ contains the embryo and food supply in heterosporous plants.

A

Seed

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39
Q

The biological specialty that deals with the classification and naming of organisms is called_____.

A

Taxonomy

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40
Q

A __________ hyphae contains only one nucleus.

A

Monkaryotic

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41
Q

Many viruses exhibit ____________ and can target only a specific set of cells

A

Tissue tropism

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42
Q

The ______ plants include, among others, the ferns, conifers, and the flowering plants, all of which contain nutrient-conducting systems.

A

tracheophyte

43
Q

_______ are biological entities that consist of genetic material wrapped in protein and cannot replicate outside of a host.

A

Viruses

44
Q

The evolution of jointed appendages, a segmented body and an exoskeleton has made _______ very successful.

A

Arthropods

45
Q

The first hominids to evolve were ________.

A

Australopithecines

46
Q

The vertebrate class closely related to the reptiles, but with feathers is ________.

A

Aves (basic characteristics)

47
Q

The process in which a definite head and brain evolves is called _______.

A

Cephalization

48
Q

Members of the class______ -octopuses,squids, and nautilus- are highly intelligent.

A

Cephalopoda

49
Q

An animal with a single hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a postanal tail, and pharyngeal slits is a(n)______.

A

Chordate

50
Q

Octopuses and squids are capable of blending into their environment through the use of _______ or specialized epithelial cells that contain pigments.

A

Chromatophores

51
Q

_______ glands are ductless glands and their secretions empty directly into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine

52
Q

An _______ membrane covers every surface of the vertebrate body

A

Epithelial`

53
Q

The most diverse and successful vertebrate group, the ________, provided the base for invasion of land by the amphibians.

A

Fishes (as the ancestor of amphibians)

54
Q

In their basic body plan, mollusks have a visceral mass covered with a soft epithelium and a muscular _______ that is used in locomotion.

A

Foot (mollusk)

55
Q

The molluscan class _______ includes the snails and slugs.

A

Gastropoda

56
Q

The fluid material between cells and fibers in connective tissues is referred to as ________.

A

Ground substance

57
Q

Animals are multicellular ______ and obtain their food by ingestion.

A

Heterotrophs

58
Q

______ is a state of dynamic internal balance in an organism.

A

`Homeostasis

59
Q

The only vertebrate class that possesses hair and milk glands is ______.

A

Mammalia (basic characteristics)

60
Q

Cnidarians characteristically possess specialized cells which contain a _______, a stinging harpoon used to attach prey.

A

Nematocyst

61
Q

_______ supports and insulates neurons, but do not conduct electrical impulses.

A

Neuroglia

62
Q

In the animal subkingdom ______, the animals lack symmetry and possess neither tissues not organs.

A

Parazoa

63
Q

The most prominent phylum of acoelomates,__________, includes the free-living flatworms and the parasitic flukes and tapeworms.

A

Platyhelminthes

64
Q

Animals with a body cavity located between the mesoderm endoderm are _______.

A

Pseudocoelomate

65
Q

The four living orders of the vertebrate class________ includes the turtles, tuataras, lizards, snakes and crocodiles.

A

Reptilia (basic characteristics)

66
Q

Vertebrates are chordates with a ________.

A

Spinal cord

67
Q

Eumetazoa can be subdivided into two principal branches based on ________.

A

Symmetry

68
Q

In many arthropods, body segments have become fused into functional groups called ________.

A

Tagmata

69
Q

Offspring that require prolonged and extensive care are called _________.

A

Altricial

70
Q

________ is behavior that benefits another individual or individuals at a cost to the actor.

A

Altruism

71
Q

Permeable, underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel that are saturated with water are called _________.

A

Aquifers

72
Q

The angle between a leaf’s blade and the stem is called ________.

A

Axil

73
Q

In ____________, an animal makes an association between two different kinds of stimuli.

A

Classical Conditioning

74
Q

The curvature of the paths of the winds due to Earth’s rotation is termed the ____________.

A

Coriolis Effect

75
Q

__________ in a plant functions as an outer protective covering and is usually one cell layer thick

A

Dermal Tissue

76
Q

________ feed on dead organic matter.

A

Detritivores

77
Q

Sun warmed water on the top of a lake is called the ___________.

A

Epilimnion

78
Q

_______ is the study of the natural history of behavior.

A

Ethology

79
Q

__________ lakes are high in algal nutrients and are low in dissolved oxygen, and can be caused by human actions .

A

Eutrophic

80
Q

Stoma are flanked by _________ which control the passage of gasses and water.

A

Guard cells

81
Q

Colder, denser water on the bottom of a lake is called the ________.

A

Hypolimnion

82
Q

Instinctive behavior can also be called _______.

A

Innate

83
Q

The ______ is the area of a stem between two nodes.

A

Internode

84
Q

An ________ habitat is an area that is exposed to air at low tide but is under water at high tide.

A

Intertidal

85
Q

_______ species are species that have a larger effect on the composition of communities than expected based on their population.

A

Keystone (Species

86
Q

_________ meristems produce an increase in root and shoot diameter.

A

Lateral

87
Q

Sclerenchyma cells often have ______ which is an important component of wood.

A

Lignin

88
Q

The area of leaf attachment to the stem is the _______.

A

Node

89
Q

__________ lakes are often crystal clear due to the low amount of dissolved algal nutrients and algal matter.

A

Oligotrophic

90
Q

In __________________, an animal learns to associate its behavioral response with a reward or punishment

A

Operant Conditioning

91
Q

The most common type of plants cells are ___________.

A

Parenchyma

92
Q

________ is soil ice that persists all year.

A

Permafrost

93
Q

_________ is the principal food conducting tissue of plants.

A

Phloem

94
Q

Autotrophs that use light as their source of energy are called _________.

A

Photoautotrophs

95
Q

Offspring that require very little parental care are _______.

A

Precocial

96
Q

The ____________ are all the autotrophs in an ecosystem.

A

Primary Producers

97
Q

______ greatly increase the surface area of roots and efficiency of absorption.

A

Root Hairs

98
Q

All plant tissue interior to the endodermis are referred to as the ______.

A

Stele

99
Q

_______ are outgrowths at the base of the petiole (of a leaf).

A

Stipules

100
Q

In the process of ________, communities tend to change from simple to more complex.

A

Successions

101
Q

Hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis of plants are _______.

A

Trichomes

102
Q

_______ are vascular bundles in leaves.

A

Veins

103
Q

_________ is the principal water conducting tissue of plants.

A

Xylem

Biology 2nd Semester Final (3 decks)

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