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Biology 2nd Semester Final > Multiple Choice > Flashcards

Multiple Choice Flashcards

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1
Q

A ____ locus exhibits more variation than is expected by mutation.

A

Polymorphic

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2
Q

Genotypes are said to be in _____ equilibrium if there is random mating and no other forces tend to alter the proportions of alleles from one generation to the next.

A

Hardy-Weinberg

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3
Q

A restriction in genetic variability caused by a drastic reduction in population size is called a ____.

A

Bottleneck

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4
Q

Darwin proposed that natural selection occurs in an environment by _____________________

A

Favoring heritable features that make the organism better suited to survive an reproduce.

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5
Q

When selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes it is called______

A

directional selection

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6
Q

Cheetahs have been through a genetic bottleneck;evidence for this is that _________.

A

There is very little genetic variability.

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7
Q

The text discusses sickle-cell anemia, which is a classic example of ______.

A

Heterozygote advantage

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8
Q

Natural selection varies the shape of the beaks among Darwin’s finches in response to: ____________

A

The available food supply.

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9
Q

Industrial melanism is a term__

A

Describing the evolutionary process in which initially light-colored organisms become dark as a result of natural selection.

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10
Q

The shape of the beaks of Darwin’s finches and industrial melanism are often cited as examples of ___________ leading to evolutionary change.

A

Natural selection

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11
Q

Domestication of dogs has led to _

A

A variety of phenotypes

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12
Q

Considerably more phenotypic variation exists in domesticated varieties of species like dogs and cabbages than exists in non-domesticated species like lions and maple trees. What is a statement that explains why it’s true?

A

Many domesticated varieties would not survive the natural world.

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13
Q

Some of the most dramatic evidence for evolution has come from human agriculture. ONe of the most highly artificially selected crop plant is ___

A

Corn

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14
Q

What features of Archaeopteryx clearly demonstrate that it was one the evolutionary line leading from dinosaurs to bird?

A

Feathers

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15
Q

Many organisms processes structures that have no apparent function, but they resemble structures of presumed ancestors. These structures are known as_

A

Vestigial structures

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16
Q

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it are called ______.

A

Derived characters

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17
Q

Looking at the differences in protein-encoding gene sequences between humans and chimpanzees:_______

A

There is less than 1% difference

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18
Q

Some of the olfactory receptor (OR) genes in Humans ____________

A

Have been inactivated, reducing our olfactory capabilities compared to other primates.

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19
Q

Another name for analogous structures is _________ structures

A

Homoplastic

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20
Q

The age of the earth according to modern estimations is

A

4.5 billion years.

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21
Q

The oldest microfossils are of _______

A

Prokaryotes

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22
Q

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by

A

Endosymbiosis.

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23
Q

What is the correct order from largest to smallest of taxonomy levels? Start with the third level.

A

Class, order, family genus species.

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24
Q

Lacking one of the criteria to be strictly classified as living units and containing fragments of eukaryotic genomes, the viruses are included with ___________

A

None of the kingdoms.

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25
Q

Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleic acid core. The capsid is composed of a(n) _______

A

Protein

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26
Q

The HIV virus is considered a(n)_____ virus, because after getting integrated into the host cell chromosomes, it does not begin replicating immediately.

A

Latent

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27
Q

Viruses are not characterized by _

A

Being capable of independent reproduction

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28
Q

If a virus enters the lytic phase in a host’s cell, it will cause __

A

The host cell to burst because there will be so many viral particles present

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29
Q

When bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. They structures are called ________

A

Endospores

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30
Q

Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called

A

Binary fission

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31
Q

What characteristic do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

A

Contain ribosomes

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32
Q

Amoebas move from place to place by means of their

A

Pseudopods

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33
Q

Organisms that are characterized by being unicellular, photosynthetic and having a double shell made of silica are known as

A

Diatoms

34
Q

Tropical diseases such as African Sleeping sickness, Chagas’ disease and leishmaniasis are caused by _______.

A

Trypanosomes

35
Q

Protists are classified into a single kingdom because why?

A

They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals.

36
Q

The limestone making up the famous landmark in England, the White Cliffs of Dover, are the pore-studded shells (tests) of ___

A

Foraminifera

37
Q

Plants lacking well developed conducting systems such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts have been called _____.

A

Bryophytes

38
Q

Bryophytes,like ferns and certain other non tracheophyte plants require_

A

Water to reproduce sexually

39
Q

The colorless rootlike projections of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts which anchor them the substrate are called ______

A

Rhizoids

40
Q

What is the name of tissues that transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots?

A

Xylem

41
Q

Carbohydrates are transported away from the green parts ofthe plant by the cells of ______.

A

Phloem

42
Q

Most adult tracheophyte plants represent the

A

Sporophyte generation

43
Q

Angiosperms are primarily not characterized by

A

Free water is required for pollination

44
Q

Endosperm, the nutritive tissue of the fruit, is the product of a(n) __

A

Sperm and polar nuclei union

45
Q

Specialized symbiotic associations between the roots of plants and fungi are called

A

Mycorrhizae

46
Q

The cell walls of fungi are made up of polysaccharides and ______

A

Chitin

47
Q

The most economically useful unicellular fungi are

A

Yeasts

48
Q

LIchens are adversely affected by _____

A

Pollution

49
Q

Protostomes develop through ________

A

Spiral cleavage

50
Q

What is not true about animals?

A

They were some of the first organisms on the earth

51
Q

Sponges are unique in possessing special flagellated cells whose beating drives water through the body cavity . These specialized cells are known as_____________

A

Choanocytes

52
Q

Most species of tapeworms live in _______

A

Intestines of vertebrates

53
Q

Schistosomiasis is a serious disorder afflicting humans mainly in tropical regions: it is caused by a ________.

A

Fluke

54
Q

The long, flat bodies of tapeworms are made up of repeating segments known as __________

A

Proglottids

55
Q

The human disease, trichinosis, is contracted through

A

Eating undercooked or raw pork

56
Q

What grouping includes animals is referred to as “wheel animals”?

A

Rotifera

57
Q

What does the phylum Porifera not have?

A

Tissues and organs

58
Q

The mollusks group don’t include______

A

Shrimps

59
Q

The nitrogenous waste in mollusks is removed by_________

A

Nephridia

60
Q

Each segment of an annelid typically contains bristles of chitin called _______

A

Chaetae

61
Q

Reproduction in the earthworm involves ________________________________

A

Cross-fertilization between two hermaphroditic organisms.

62
Q

In some arthropods tagmatization has produced a combination of head and thorax is known as :___________________________

A

Cephalothorax

63
Q

In arthropods, locomotion is accomplished by muscles that work against __________

A

The exoskeleton

64
Q

Compound eyes are composed of independent visual units called__________

A

Ommatidia

65
Q

Air passage into the trachea of most insects is controlled by the closing and opening of valves, which operate special openings called____

A

Spiracles

66
Q

An invertebrate biologist is conducting research with crabs. Her interest is ecdysis. This implies that she studies _________.

A

The molting process

67
Q

MOst bony fishes have a hard plate that covers the gills on each side of the head called the________

A

Operculum

68
Q

Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperature within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called _________

A

Endothermic

69
Q

In addition to a vertebral column, all vertebrates have ___________

A

A distinctive head or skull

70
Q

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from__________

A

Lobe-finned fish

71
Q

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because ______________

A

Their reproduction depends on water

72
Q

Because of it’s association with tools, the earliest human was called __________, meaning “handy man”

A

Homo habilis

73
Q

The European Neanderthals were replaced about 34,000 years ago by_________

A

Cro-Magnons

74
Q

What has the longest fossil record?

A

Homo erectus

75
Q

What is not about loose connective tissue?

A

Chondroitin

76
Q

In adult vertebrates, what is not one of four principal kinds of primary tissues

A

Supportive

77
Q

Mammalian thermoregulation depends on monitoring of blood temperature by the __________

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

Bone cells can remain alive even though the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with crystals of calcium ________.

A

Osteocyte

79
Q

What are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the “germ layer”?

A

Mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

80
Q

What connective tissue has a matrix that is fluid?

A

Blood

81
Q

If you find epithelial tissue that has many layers and the apical surface is flattened with irregular edges, this would be classified as _______.

A

Stratified squamous

82
Q

What two type of muscle types are striated ?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

Biology 2nd Semester Final (3 decks)

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