Vocabulary 3

Question 1

earnestly
(adverb)

Answer 1

with sincere and intense conviction; seriously.
“they earnestly hope to come back in the summer”

Question 2

reductionism
(noun)

Answer 2

the practice of analysing and describing a complex phenomenon in terms of its simple or fundamental constituents, especially when this is said to provide a sufficient explanation.

Note: This term can be consider to be derogatory.

Question 3

derogatory
(adjective)

Answer 3

showing a critical or disrespectful attitude.
“she tells me I’m fat and is always making derogatory remarks”

Question 4

scurrilous
(adjective)

Answer 4

making or spreading scandalous claims about someone with the intention of damaging their reputation.
“a scurrilous attack on his integrity”

humorously insulting.
“a very funny collection of bawdy and scurrilous writings”

Question 5

calumnious
(adjective)

Answer 5

(of a statement) false and defamatory; slanderous.
“all of these charges are false and calumnious”

Question 6

libellous
(adjective)

Answer 6

containing or constituting a libel.
“a libellous newspaper story”

Question 7

slanderous
adjective

Answer 7

(of a spoken statement) false and malicious.
“slanderous allegations”

Question 8

defamatory
(adjective)

Answer 8

(of remarks, writing, etc.) damaging the good reputation of someone; slanderous or libellous.
“a defamatory allegation”

Question 9

pejorative
(adjective, noun)

Answer 9

expressing contempt or disapproval.
“permissiveness is used almost universally as a pejorative term”

a word expressing contempt or disapproval.
“most of what he said was inflammatory and filled with pejoratives”

Question 10

vilify
(verb)

Answer 10

speak or write about in an abusively disparaging manner.
“he has been vilified in the press”

Question 11

traduce
(verb)

Answer 11

speak badly of or tell lies about (someone) so as to damage their reputation.
“it was regarded as respectable political tactics to traduce him”

Question 12

injurious
(adjective)

Answer 12

causing or likely to cause damage or harm.
“food which is injurious to health”

Question 13

theism
(noun)

Answer 13

belief in the existence of a god or gods, specifically of a creator who intervenes in the universe.
“there are many different forms of theism”

Question 14

reification
(noun)

Answer 14

a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity. In other words, it is the error of treating something that is not concrete, such as an idea, as a concrete thing

Question 15

Petrifaction
(noun)

Answer 15

the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals.

Question 16

anthropomorphism
(noun)

Answer 16

the attribution of human characteristics or behaviour to a god, animal, or object.

Question 17

authoritarianism
(noun)

Answer 17

the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.
“he warned against the intrusion of authoritarianism in various countries”

lack of concern for the wishes or opinions of others.
“in his authoritarianism he has displayed disrespect for the culture he works in”

Note: This term can be consider to be derogatory.

Question 18

rationalism
(noun)

Answer 18

the practice or principle of basing opinions and actions on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.
“scientific rationalism”

Question 19

Transcendentalism

Answer 19

a philosophy that emphasizes the a priori conditions of knowledge and experience or the unknowable character of ultimate reality or that emphasizes the transcendent as the fundamental reality.

Question 20

didactic
(adjective)

Answer 20

intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.
“a didactic novel that set out to expose social injustice”

in the manner of a teacher, particularly so as to appear patronizing.
“his tone ranged from didactic to backslapping”

Question 21

imbue
(verb)

Answer 21

inspire or permeate with (a feeling or quality).
“his works are invariably imbued with a sense of calm and serenity”

Question 22

Indispensable
(adjective)

Answer 22

absolutely necessary.
“he made himself indispensable to the parish priest”

Question 23

acquisition
(noun)

Answer 23

an asset or object bought or obtained, typically by a library or museum.
“the legacy will be used for new acquisitions”

the learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.
“the acquisition of management skills”

Question 24

beseech
(verb)

Answer 24

ask (someone) urgently and fervently to do something; implore; entreat.
“they beseeched him to stay”

Question 25

omniscient
(adjective)

Answer 25

knowing everything.
“a third-person omniscient narrator”

Question 26

consolation
(noun)

Answer 26

the comfort received by a person after a loss or disappointment.
“there was consolation in knowing that others were worse off”

(in sport) a goal scored at a point when it is no longer possible for the scoring team to win.
noun: consolation goal; plural noun: consolation goals
“two minutes from time Moore grabbed a consolation goal for the losers”

Question 27

granted
(adverb)

Answer 27

admittedly; it is true (used to introduce a factor which is opposed to the main line of argument but is not regarded as so strong as to invalidate it).
“granted, Marie was two years older than her, but it wasn’t a question of age”
conjunction

even assuming that.
“granted that officers were used to making decisions, they still couldn’t be expected to understand”

Question 28

passeth
(verb)

Answer 28

Third-person singular simple present indicative form of pass. It means “a third-person “.

Question 29

archaic
(adjective)

Answer 29

very old or old-fashioned.
“prisons are run on archaic methods”

(of a word or a style of language) no longer in everyday use but sometimes used to impart an old-fashioned flavour.
“a term with a rather archaic ring to it”

of an early period of art or culture, especially the 7th–6th centuries BC in Greece.
“the archaic temple at Corinth”

Question 30

senile
(adjective)

Answer 30

(of a person) having or showing the weaknesses or diseases of old age, especially a loss of mental faculties.
“she couldn’t cope with her senile husband”

(of a condition) characteristic of or caused by old age.
“senile decay”

Question 31

besieged
(adjective)

Answer 31

(of a place) surrounded by armed forces aiming to capture it or force surrender.
“the besieged city”

Question 32

besiege
(verb)

Answer 32

surround (a place) with armed forces in order to capture it or force its surrender.
“the king marched north to besiege Berwick”

crowd around oppressively; surround and harass.
“she spent the whole day besieged by newsmen”

inundate with a large number of requests or complaints.
“the television station was besieged with calls”

Question 33

purgatory
(adjective)

Answer 33

having the quality of cleansing or purifying.
“infernal punishments are purgatory and medicinal”

Question 34

stubble
(noun)

Answer 34

the cut stalks of cereal plants left sticking out of the ground after the grain is harvested.
“fields of yellow stubble”

short, stiff hairs growing on a part of the body that has not been shaved for a while, especially on a man’s face.
“she ran her fingers over the dark stubble on his cheeks”

Question 35

hierarchy
(noun)

Answer 35

a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.
“the initiative was with those lower down in the hierarchy”

Question 36

indebtedness
(noun)

Answer 36

the condition of owing money.
“the industry is taking steps to reduce indebtedness and cut costs”

the feeling of owing gratitude for a service or favour.
“I wish to express my indebtedness to my parents for all they have done”

Question 37

appraise
(verb)

Answer 37

assess the value or quality of.
“there is a need to appraise existing techniques”

assess the performance of (an employee) formally.
“some companies are considering team appraisals instead of appraising individuals”

(of an official valuer) set a price on; value.
“they appraised the painting at £200,000”

Question 38

foreword
(noun)

Answer 38

a short introduction to a book, typically by a person other than the author.

Question 39

existentialism
(noun)

Answer 39

a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.

Question 40

encompass
(verb)

Answer 40

surround and have or hold within.
“this area of London encompasses Piccadilly to the north and St James’s Park to the south”

cause to take place.
“an act designed to encompass the death of the king”

Question 41

nomenclature
(noun)

Answer 41

the devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline.
“the Linnean system of zoological nomenclature”

the body or system of names used in a particular specialist field.
“the students found it hard to decipher the nomenclature of chemical compounds”

the term or terms applied to someone or something.
“‘customers’ was preferred to the original nomenclature ‘passengers’”

Question 42

tenet
(noun)

Answer 42

a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
“the tenets of a democratic society”

Question 43

in memoriam
(noun, preposition)

Answer 43

an article written in memory of a dead person; an obituary.
“in memoriam notices in the paper”

in memory of (a dead person).
“an openly revolutionary work in memoriam Che Guevara”

Question 44

pragmatic
(adjective)

Answer 44

dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
“a pragmatic approach to business ethics”

Question 45

pragmatism
(noun)

Answer 45

a pragmatic attitude or policy.
“ideology had been tempered with pragmatism”

an approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

Question 46

Ontoanalysis
(noun)

Answer 46

a form of existential analysis that probes the ultimate nature of being.

Question 47

deterministic
(adjective)

Answer 47

relating to the philosophical doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes regarded as external to the will.
“a deterministic theory”

Question 48

self-deception
(noun)

Answer 48

the act or an instance of deceiving oneself or the state of being deceived by oneself especially concerning one’s true nature, feelings, etc.

the deceiving of oneself as to one’s true feelings, motives, circumstances, etc.

a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument.

Question 49

conductive
(adjective)

Answer 49

having the property of conducting something (especially heat or electricity).
“a conductive material”

relating to conduction.
“conductive hearing impairment”

Question 50

artificial
(adjective)

Answer 50

made or produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally, especially as a copy of something natural.
“her skin glowed in the artificial light”

(of a person or their behaviour) insincere or affected.
“she gave an artificial smile”