Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
Value
A
amount of light reflected by a hue, darkness, or lightness of color
2
Q
Tenebrism
A
where forms emerge from a dark background into strong light - spotlight in theater
3
Q
Negative space
A
any space that is not the main subject of an image or design
4
Q
Chiaroscuro
A
Light to dark, use of exaggerated contrast, to create the illusion of volume
5
Q
complimentary colors
A
opposites on color wheel
6
Q
binder
A
holds pigment partials together without dissolving them, helps attach pigment to surface
7
Q
asymmetrical balance
A
two sides of composition are not the same
8
Q
achromatic
A
black, white, and grey
9
Q
principles of art
A
movement, unity, harmony, variety, balance, contrast, proportion, pattern
10
Q
Alla Prima
A
method of painting a piece all at once, generally using wet on wet methods
11
Q
Depth of Field
A
distance between nearest and farthest object in an image
12
Q
Exposure
A
the amount of light that enters the lens and strikes the film
13
Q
aperture
A
opening of a camera lens
works like an eye
opening through which light travels and hits the camera sensor
directly affects area of focus
small aperture (bigger F-stop number) = larger depth of field
larger aperture (smaller F-stop number) = shallow area of focus/depth of field
14
Q
Collagraph
A
image built up from glue and other materials, like a collage
15
Q
Foreshortening
A
Method of distorting an object to make it appear to extend back into space
16
Q
intaglio
A
printmaking method where incised lines are printed. related to etching or aquatint. also called engraving
17
Q
sfumato
A
means “to smoke”. a method of drawing where lines are blended together, used by da Vinci during the renaissance
18
Q
tusche
A
greasy black ink used for lithographs
19
Q
Soldering
A
a process where two pieces of metal are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint
20
Q
Bisque
A
clay that has been fired once, halfway, but not glazed
21
Q
Brazing
A
joining two metals, like soldering, but the filler metal has a higher melting point
22
Q
Welding
A
jointing metals by fusing them together under direct heat
23
Q
Embossing
A
a raised design on a flat surface, made by pressing or hammer into the backside
24
Q
Monotype
A
A one of a kind print made by painting on smooth metal creating a texture
25
offset
printing process in which an inked image is transferred to a rubber cylinder, then to paper
26
Serigraphy
a stencil method of printmaking where an image is painted onto a screen of silk, then ink is forced through the mesh onto printing surface (paper, cloth)
27
Frisket
a material used to stop paper from absorbing in water based painting
28
lost wax
a technique of casting metal in a plaster mold
29
Scumbling
technique that involves brushing paint over a dried layer of paint till the dry layer shows through
30
Cloisonne
metalwork where fine metal wire separates color on an enamel surface
31
painterly
use of paint in a loose, gestural way
32
post and lintel
simple construction where two or more vertical posts support one or more horizontal lintels, think stonehedge
33
vehicle
liquid based thinner that helps dissolve paint and helps it flow - oil, turpentine, water, etc.
34
vault
a curved ceiling or roof made of bricks or stone forming a shell
35
underpainting
monochromatic value study which helps define values under color tones for later painting
36
tromp l'oeil
means "fool the eye" style of painting which creates an illusion of space, light or objects which is very convincing
37
truss
triangular framework used for support or reinforcement
38
rayograph
also called photogram, image created by placing objects on light sensitive paper and exposing it to light
39
perspective
creates the feeling of depth through use of lines that make the image appear to be 3d
40
minaret
a tower outside a mosque where changers stand calling people to prayer
41
Pendentives
curving triangular sections that form a support system for a circular dome
42
modeling
a sculpture technique where you both add and subtract material
43
masonry
creating patterns using stone held together by mortar
44
montage
the film editing technique combining many brief shots to represent a single subject
45
high relief
sculpture where 50% of depth is shown and there are some undercut areas
46
low (bas) relief
sculpture where the plane is barely scratched and the uncut area is barely protruding
47
Lithography
type of printmaking based on the resistance of oil (grease) and water, done usually on limestone
Image of lithograph is drawn with greasy crayon on smooth surface which is mostly limestone. The non image part is coated with a water substance such as gum arabic. Oil based ink adheres to greasy drawing and repelled by water on rest of stone so image can be printed.
48
Linear Perspective
scientific method of using lines to find scale and proportional relationships on a 2d surface
49
Keystone
the final stone set I place at the top of the arch
50
iconography
the symbolic meaning of assigns, subjects, and images
51
isometric perspective
use of parallel lines to draw
52
glazing in relation to painting
use of transparent paint to build up a painting
53
gesso
mix of chalk or plaster and glue
54
flying buttress
large stone half-arch most associated with gothic architecture
55
drypoint
printmaking technique similar to engraving where a "dry point" is created by carving or scratching lines in a plate with a needle
56
Dry Masonry
patterning with stones, but no mortar
57
cantilever
architectural technique where a beam or slab is extended far beyond a support column or wall (think traffic light)
58
Camera obscura
a box device which projects an image onto a screen, before the camera
59
Colonnade
row of columns spanned or connected by beams - think the white house
60
cross hatching
shading by building up crossed lines
61
contour hatching
shading by following the shape of a form with parallel lines
62
Buttress
architectural structure built against or coming off a wall which gives wall support
63
balloon frame
building method where heavy timbers are replaced by thin studs held together by nails
64
assembling
method of putting found objects together to create a sculpture
65
arcade
series of arched columns in a row
66
armature
inner support for a sculpture
67
aquatint
etching process to obtain shaded areas in black, white, or color prints
68
analogous colors
colors next to each other on the color wheel
69
vanishing point
the point where all parallel lines recede
70
batik
wax that is used to resist paint or dye on fabric or paper
traditional textile art form of Indonesia
Design traditionally begins with a wax design applied to a piece of white cotton fabric.
1. Artists paint with hot melted wax on the dry fabric using a tool called tjanting.
2. The fabric is then placed in a light colored dye bath.
3. After the fabric is dyed, a new layer of wax pattern is applied and the fabric is dyed with a new color.
4. As each new layer of wax pattern is applied, the fabric is dipped in progressively darker dyes or left in dye baths for longer periods of time for a darker result
71
elements of art
texture, shape, tone, space, value, line, color
72
encaustic
use of colored wax for painting, often done on walls
73
secondary colors
orange, violet, green - made by mixing primary colors
74
Tertiary colors
yellow orange, red orange, red violet, blue violet, blue green, yellow green - made by mixing secondary and tertiary colors
75
tint
adding white to a color to lighten it
76
shade
adding black to a color to darken it (you can also create shades by adding a complimentary color to the color)
77
sgraffito
scratching through a surface to reveal a lower layer of a contrasting color
78
wedging
similar to kneading dough, process to remove air bubbles from clay
79
scoring
incising shallow lines into the surface of clay before joining two pieces of clay
80
insulating firebrick
porous firebrick with higher insulating values than soft brick
81
imitationalism
art theory which emphasizes literal qualities of the word
art imitates life, so art works try to accurately resemble real life objects, persons, events, etc. and this imitation evokes an artistic response in the observer/audience
82
iconoscope
used in early video cameras to convert light into electric waves, projecting an image
83
levigation
process of turning a substance into a fine powder or smooth paste
84
croquis
to make a quick sketch
85
kouroi
archaic greek statues whose poses, rigid with clenched fists, recall the stance of Egyptian statues
statues of standing male youths, primarily made from marble, life size, advancing left foot
86
Tessera
one of the small pieces, individual tile, used in mosaic work
87
Esquisse
French word meaning the 1st sketch of a picture or model of a statue
88
Rabbit Skin Glue
Traditional sizing for fabric support on panels, it seals porous fabric and isolates it from ground or oil paints
makes stretching canvas easy because the size shrinks as it dries. it is mixed with water to make a strong adhesion
89
Bracketing
process of shooting the same image using the same lighting but with different exposures
90
Macrame
process of knotting cords together to form a pattern
91
Film speed
measurement of films sensitivity to light
92
Shutter Speed
duration of the exposure
measures length of time the camera shutter is open
A fast shutter speed is used to capture a moving object in sharp focus. A slow shutter speed is used to create a blurred effect or to include more ambient light
93
Telephoto
a lense of 70mm or more
94
Aniconism
idea that artists should avoid naturalistic, figurative representation
95
l
American society for testing and materials
is an international organization that sets safety requirements and publishes standards for consumer products, including art supplies
ASTM I indicates excellent lightfastness
ASTM II indicates very good lightfastness
ASTM III indicates a color is not sufficient lightfast
96
Fat over lean
derives from the characteristics of media with a high oil content "fat" vs media with a lower oil content "lean"
bc of the difference in drying time, the paint with more oil must be painted over the paint with less oil
if the top layer contains less oil than the bottom later, the top layer will crack
to keep paint flexible and to aid in drying time - fat over Lean
97
Tortillion
small blending stick made from tightly rolled paper
it is used with charcoal to created smudged fine details. To cover a larger area with darker tones, an artist would use a blending stump
98
Engraving
type of intaglio printing in which lines are cut into a metal plate of copper or zinc to hold the ink. it was a dominant method of artistic reproduction before photography
99
Dynamic range
measures the scale of light and dark in a photograph
100
greenware
when clay is hard but not yet fired
101
Turpentine
a mixture of oil and resin obtained from pines and some related trees that is used as a solvent and paint thinner
it presents a significant health risk for absorption through healthy, unbroken skin. in addition, it emits harmful vapors
102
Acid Bath for etching
acids used for etching produce fumes that can cause health hazards so it requires good ventilation
When water is poured into acid, an exothermic chemical reaction releases heat, which may cause vigorous boiling and splashing. when acid is diluted with water, the cautionary rule to always add acid to the water is an important safety measure
should not place wood in an acid bath
103
Tooth of paper
factor in determining the media that can be used on it
Chalk pastels require a noticeable tooth to catch the fine particles of color, other media, such as pen and ink, can be used on paper with virtually no tooth
104
lacquers
can be made from both natural and synthetic components, they are used in many different applications and in many parts of the world, particularly Asia
When they dry, lacquer surfaces are extremely hard and most often glossy. However, they will crack and chip over time
Cinnabar colored lacquer is a popular form of decorative art used in China and other Asian countries dating back to antiquity.
105
Enamel Paint
traditionally an oil based paint that dries to a hard glossy finish
some contemporary enamels are water based but these too yield a glossy finish
Enamel resists color fading, water, corrosion, rust, and chipping
106
CL Label
stands for cautionary label and means not recommended for use with children under 12
107
Marquetry
technique of forming geometric patterns out of wood
108
Oil Gliding
process of applying gold leaf to a surface coated with adhesive
109
Robography
artwork made of trivial items such as half eaten food, trash, etc
110
Aleatoric composition
composition which is completely dependent on chance, being in the right place at the right time
111
Polarizing filters
remove some light that is reflected straight towards the camera lens, thereby reducing glare or removing reflections from surfaces
112
RBG
red, green, and blue, refers to an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are mixed together to form any color
the electronic display screens or television and computer monitors use RGB to generate the colorful images you see on screen
113
Papier-mâché
also known as paper mache,
a medium that involves gluing multiple layers of paper onto an armature
114
Embroidery
ancient Chinese form of silk decoration
In China, the domestication of silkworms led to production of silk fabrics and threads which gave rise thousands of years ago to the art of silk embroidery
115
Weaving Warp
Warp is the group of lengthwise threads that are held in tension on a frame or loom. Warp yarn must be strong since it is held under extreme tension. Traditionally, warp fibers are spun and plied wool, linen, or silk. Warping the loom is the process of setting these vertical threads prior to weaving and a well warped loom with even tension is a critical step for successful weaving
116
Weaving Weft
Weft is the yarn that passes horizontally across the fabric roll. Weft yarn is shorter and governs the horizontal pattern repeat regardless of fabric width
117
Daguerreotypes
early photographs produced by an obsolete photographic process named for Louis-Jacques-Mander Daguerre, the primary inventor
Highly detailed daguerreotype image is formed on a metal sheet with a highly polished silver surface without use of a negative
developed by exposure to mercury vapor
were the 1st practical form of a permanent photography
118
Artwork mounting systems
important for them to provide sufficient strength, age, well, have no tendency to discolor, and be easily removed (reversible)
the safest archival mounting choice for 2D artwork, according to museum curators, utilizes a starch based adhesive with acid free paper hinges (wheat paste)
Pastels and Charcoal need to be mounted under glass or spray with a fixative
119
Float Mounting
does not obscure the edges of a work and would be the most appropriate for showcasing the edges of a work on paper
raises the artwork or item in the frame slightly above the mat, to make it appear like it is floating
120
Non-archival mat boards
may be acidic so long term result will most likely be a brown discoloration called mat burn along the edges of the work, a sign of potentially irreparable damage
121
color field painting
a branch of abstract expressionism called post-painterly Abstraction by the famous art critic, Clement Greenberg
Helen Frankenthaler, Morris Lewis, and Mark Rothko are all considered within this stylistic school
Large abstract canvases painted or stained with glowing areas of overlapping and interacting flat color best characterized as Color Field painting
122
Abbey Church of Saint Denis
innovative because it was the first to use a significant number of stained-glass windows
the stained glass introduced much more light and color into the interior than the smaller windows of the earlier churches
123
Hypostyle Hall
large hall in which the roof is supported by several rows of columns topped with large horseshoe shaped arches
many traditional islamic mosques, such as the Great Mosque of Córdoba have it
They were extensively used in ancient Egypt (ex: temple of Amon at Karnak) and in Persia (ruins of Persepolis)
124
Plaster Paris
type of plaster that may cause severe burns if it comes in contact with skin when it sets
sand or pumice can be added to reduce density
125
Maquettes
can be plaster, wax, unfired clay, etc
small scale model or rough draft of an unfinished sculpture
126
Rubber Cement
super hazardous - use it only in open areas and avoid contact with heat
127
Pyrometric Cone
slender pyramids placed inside films to monitor ceramic firings
cones measure heat work, which is the combined effect of time and temp.
During firing, each cone begins to soften, melt, and bend as it is heated to a certain temp range
128
Metal Casting
liquid metal is delivered into a mold that contains a negative impression of the intended shape
The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called the sprue. The metal and mold are then cooled, and metal is extracted
Best done at professional foundry
129
celadon
translucent ceramic glaze with a green cast that was invented in ancient China
130
copyrighted material
public domain images are safe to use, as are images intended for personal or classroom use. It is generally considered acceptable for an artist to appropriate a copyrighted image in an artwork provided that the image is repurposed to create a valid parody of the original copyrighted work
131
image noise
in digital photography, it is used to describe the visible grainy look, such as in the night sky
132
Linseed oil
can be used to change how paint behaves
depending on the type of linseed oil used, it will either speed up or slow down drying time, changing the pigment and reducing the visibility of brush strokes
linseed oil soaked rags may present a dangerous fire hazard because of the oxidation of the concentrated oil, which heats up in and enclosed space and may result in spontaneous combustion. Best disposed in a metal lidded contained with a ventilated bottom
boil it to make it dry faster
133
Time lapse photography
technique where the subject is shot from the same location in intervals of one second or more
it creates illusion of sped up time
134
histogram
graphic representation of the tonal range of a photograph and provides a photographer with essential info for ensuring the correct exposure of an image
135
Mandala
represents universe in Buddhism
136
Koru Swirl
integral symbolic motif in Maori art including wood, bore, and jade carvings
137
Lamassu
Colossal winged bull statues of deities that protected the doorways of Assyrian palaces
Lamassu sculptures and other artifacts were discovered during a 19th century excavation of ancient Mesopotamia (modern day N. Iraq)
138
Art Restitution
legal process by which artworks that were seized during Nazi occupation in Europe were returned to their rightful owners ex: klimts painting
139
Whistler Ruskin trial
infamous in art history
whistler sued ruskin for a critic
140
Chroma
used to indicate a color's saturation or perceived strength level, called the chromatic intensity
the brighter the color, the higher the chroma
the
a color's level of vibrance or dullness determined by the amt. of grey added
high chroma - more vibrant
low chroma - more dull, darker
141
allegory
when the subject of the artwork, or the various elements that form the composition is used to symbolize a deeper moral or spiritual meaning such as life, death, love, virtue, etc
in relation to modern art, allegory is when one narrative might mean another
artists who use allegory are revealing how objects can hold not one, but many meanings
142
slip casting
most suitable technique for the mass production of pottery and ceramic from porcelain
the technique,, which involves a liquid clay body called slip being poured into remade plaster molds, has been used for centuries to form like figurines and teapots with complex ornamentation
143
Acid free paper
type of paper that when infused in water yields a neutral or basic pH
it does not deteriorate and therefore addresses the problem of preserving documents and artwork for long periods
144
Bronze Age Greek works
Ex: Mycenanean Mask of Agammemon
make use of repousse technique which involves pounding a sheet of metal from the back to create a low relief
145
Salon style
method of hanging art in large groupings that extent higher or lower than the traditional eye level method
hanging style derives from the Salon, a prestigious art exhibition of the French Academy of Fine Arts, in which paintings were typically displayed on every available inch of wall space
146
Fiber Art
traditionally a domestic craft, fiber art rose to prominence as a female dominated art form as part of the feminist movement in the 1970s
147
Benin relief plaques
were made from hot liquid brass that was cast using the lost wax (cire Perdue) technique
148
Terra sigillata
technique that was 1st developed in Ancient Greece
An ultra refined clay slip that when applied to bone dry pottery and polished or burnished may produce a very smooth, lustrous surface finish
ancient Greeks and Romans used this technique in lieu of glaze
149
Megaliths
means great stones
massive stones used to build Stonehenge and other ancient monuments
150
symmetry
formal balance consisting of a mirroring portions of an image
151
bilateral symmetry
2 sided symmetry - 2 halves of a work of art mirror each other
152
radical symmetry
created when an image is symmetrical around a central point or axis
153
approximate symmetry
close to perfect but something about it makes it not perfectly symmetrical - ex: two Fridas
154
Solarization
creates a reversal of tones in a photograph through prolonged exposure or exposure to extremely bright light
in the past, photographers such as Man Ray experimented with producing this effect in the darkroom. Today it can be achieved using photo editing software
155
Laid Paper
paper with impressions of parallel lines due to the pulp resting against wires on the screen as paper is being made
156
"key out"
In painting, to "key out" refers to the outward stretch of the stretcher bars as a canvas is being prepared
- keys are the small devices found in interlocking corners of wooden stretcher bars used to produce tension
- increases the tautness of the canvas on stretcher bars
157
wedge
also means keys
8 wedges are needed to fit into slots on the inside of each corner of the assembled stretcher
158
Balsa
the lightest wood in weight out of basswood, chestnut, aspen, and balsa
a well known softwood of cellular structure and extraordinarily light weight
159
Cornice
the topmost horizontal part of an entablature
the entablature is the portion of a column above the capital
from top to bottom, the entablature consists of the cornice, the frieze, and the architrave
160
roman mosaics
had smooth flat finishes, they used minute pieces for realistic detail, the subjects were often secular, and used opaque marble cubes
161
Crossing
refers to the space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nare and transept
162
Majolica
type of earthenware with an enameled, lustered surface that is created through the application of a tin glaze
it was first introduced to Italy in the 15th century
163
genre painting
depict scenes of everyday life and common activities
164
muller
a tool used to grind pigment and oil mixtures
165
imprimatura
a layer of paint applied to a ground. it provides a transparent, toned background color for painting. the imprimatura is covered by successive transparent layers, and the colors of the layers seem to blend
166
Lightfastness
how the pigment of the art materials you are using interact with light itself and it is a measurement of a pigment's ability to resist fading or discoloration under normal circumstances (sunlight, ultraviolet light
good lightfastness = not going to fade easily
167
lake
pigment made by precipitating or fixing a dye upon an inert pigment or lake base
the process requires a high degree of skill to produce good results
lake are made in a great range of hues and strengths
168
Mineral spirits
refined petroleum spirits
dries more quickly than turpentine
mineral spirits is not becoming more popular than turpentine as a diluent because it has several advantages: it is less harmful, does not deteriorate in storage, its smell is less pronounced than that of turpentine, and it is much cheaper
169
triptych
hinged painted or relief screen made of three panels, the central are generally being sufficiently larger than the two sides to permit their being folded in for storage
most frequently used as an altarpiece
170
Illuminations (illuminated manuscripts)
hand written books with painted decoration that generally includes precious metals such as gold or silver
171
Tapestry
woven wall hangings, created by weaving threads together on a loom
172
Cross Stitch
form of embroidery that uses X-shaped stitches to create a design
typically uses even-weave fabric, such as Aida Cloth, which has evenly spaced holes for easy counting and placement of stitches
173
needlepoint
form of canvas work that uses a canvas fabric, typically made up of cotton or linen, and a special needle point needle to create stitched designs
174
mixing proportions for plaster
1 quart of water to 5 lbs of plaster
175
Bricolage, collage, farrago
all refer to art created out of a collection of found and seemingly random materials
176
pinnate
refers to anything that is feather -shaped
177
nitric acid
an oxidizing agent that can react with any of the other supplies to cause an explosion or fire
178
Earthenware
low fired clay body. glazed pottery that is fired to a temp 1.830 to 2,010 degrees F (or below 2192 degrees F)
179
The Golden ratio
is a proportional ratio that is obtained by dividing a line so that the shorter part is to the longer part as the longer part Is to the whole
1:1.618
creates a uniformly visually pleasing image
180
local color
true color of an object rather than how it is documented by the artist
181
hot pressed paper
paper with a smooth hard surface, great for precise drawing
182
cold pressed paper
adds texture and colors are less vibrant
183
Benin sculpture
are in wood and bronze
184
parsemage
refers to the process of collecting dust from charcoal or chalk that has been sprinkled on the water's surface by skimming a piece of paper under it
185
beveling
cutting the edge of something at an angle
186
glassine
a thin, dense, glossy-surfaced translucent paper that is resistant to the passage of air and dirt. It is used as a wrapping material, or to separate sheets of paper
187
bat (in ceramics)
a flat disk of plaster or wood to form pottery on. one should be used when throwing a bowl or a plate
188
mola
clothing which has two laters, the top cut to form a design
189
bitmaps
in computer art paint programs, images are stored as pixels, a series of tiny dots are called bitmaps
190
rugosity
having wrinkles ridged
191
Décollage
the process of tearing away parts of posters or other images which are adhered to each other in layers, so that portions of the underlayers contribute to the final image
192
Putti
popular during the Baroque and Renaissance periods. Artists such as Raphael often included figures of young, nude children in their work
193
Hard Edge painting
a painting technique with an even solid application
194
isocephaly
having all the heads the same level, Greek art
195
Pop art
a movement composed of initially Britsh, then American artists in the 1950s and 1960s, which was characterized by references to imagery and products from popular culture, media, and advertising
196
Fumage
a method of making an image with smoke fumes = invented by Wolfgang, Pallen
197
Benday dots
printing process named after illustrator an printer Benjamin Henry Day Jr. is a technique dating from 1879. Depending on the effect, color, and optical illusion, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping
198
Firebrick
an insulation brick used to hold the heat in the kiln and withstand high temperatures
199
fugitive pigment
the tendency for pigment to change color under natural influences - light , heat, water
200
doric columns
thicker and shorter,
cor - elaborate floral designs
ionic - taller of the three
201
Frottage
to rub a crayon on paper over a textured surface
202
leveling
the ability of a coating to form a smooth film without brush marks appearing. higher quality latex paint has superior leveling ability
203
Ziggurat
a terraced pyramid form comprising successively receding stories
204
Graver
also known as burin
a tool that is used for engraving metal, wood, or stone
it typically has a knob like handle which holds a metal shift with a sharp beveled point
205
Baldacchino
an ornamental canopy on columns over a tomb
206
representationalism
The doctrine that the immediate object of knowledge, is an idea in the mind from external object which is the occasion of perception
207
Ghent alterpiece
by jan and Hubert van Eyck, created in 1432 during romansqeue period in europe
208
Recto and Verso
in terms of manuscript, the front and rear sides of paper
209
type of paper used in book of Kells
parchment - lavish book of the gospels - illustrated
210
infrared reflectography
is used to examine the ground layer of a painting. The resulting images allow art historians to research the drawings beneath the paint, such as signatures or alterations
211
Ceramic Glaze
made from glass
212
ash can school
artists which focused on portraying the daily life of Americans, often as the poorer level
group of American artists active from 1908 to 1918. It included members of the Eight such as Henri and Davies, Hopper was also part of the Ash Can group. Their work featured scenes of urban realism
213
JPEG
compresses file size by selectively discarding data
214
Acantilus
an ambiguous flower and a style of plant used for the caps of the Corinthian columns
215
Gyotaku
a relief print made from an actual fish, and sometimes from a shell, leaf, or other objects found in nature
216
Photogravure
image produced from a negative transferred to a metal plate, and etched
217
Flange
used to strengthen an object, hold it in place, or attach it to another object
218
Whiteware
class of ceramic products that include porcelain, china, pottery, earthenware, stoneware and vitreous tile, are usually but not necessarily white, and consists of typically of clays, feldspar, potter's flint, and whiting
219
institutionalism
aesthetic philosophy claiming that the value of a work of art is determined by museums and galleries
220
hardbrick
hard, dense firebrick generally used in high stress areas of a kiln
221
cement
its invention allowed romans to build large spaces
222
deconstructionism
an architectural movement of style influenced by deconstruction that encourages radical freedom of from and the open manifestation of complexity in a building rather than the strict attention to functional concerns and conventional design elements
223
Egg tempera
2nd oldest medium after encaustic
it was used by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks and perfected by the icon painters during the last 100 years of the Byzantine empire
a permanent fast drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk, or some other size)
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arabseque
an intricate spiritual design of repeated lines, often in the form of plants
symbolize the limitless nature of creation
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fibula
pin or broach
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expressionism
an artistic style that departs from the conventions of realism and naturalism and seeks to convey inner experience by distorting rather than directly representing natural images
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hybridity
a movement where artists work with emerging technologies and sciences
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Minimalism
aims to reduce a work of art to a minimum numbers of elements and it also known as ABC art, Rejective art, and Reductivism
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sulfur
harmful substances, printmaking plastalina contains
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glid
to cover a surface with a thin layer of gold
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leatherhard
stage of the clay between plastic and bone dry
clay is still damp enough to join it to other pieces using slip
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CLUT
color look up table, 256 colors found in an 8 bit image
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crazing
surface cracks on oil paintings due to unequal drying times
