Vocabulary Flashcards
Consequentialism
Argues that rightness or wrongness depends on consequences or outcomes of behaviours. So, in simple terms, the end justifies the means. These outcomes can be very broad, for example, freedom, equality of opportunity and so on.
Deontology
Argues that some things are right and wrong in themselves regardless of the outcome. It is this perspective that leads to the production of rules and rule-following behaviour. For example, is it good to be kind even if the outcome is rather cruel?
Causal
whether one thing causes a change in another thing
Correlational
Whether two or more things change in relation to each other
It is important that the conclusions you draw from correlation studies do not make claims about causal relationships.
Operationalisation
The process of turning an abstract idea into a measurable concept
Social Facilitation
- How individual performance is impacted by the presence of others.
- The tendency of people to perform better on a simple task when they are in the presence of others.
Nominal level
Definition: Measurement involves naming an attribute of the participants or their responses.
Example: This is when you have categories or classifications; for example, gender or group membership.
Ordinal level
Definition: Measurement is on a scale that allows data to be put in an order (or ranked) but where the differences between adjacent points on the scale are not equivalent.
Example:
Low/Medium/High
Agree/Neither agree nor disagree/Disagree
Never/Rarely/Sometimes/Often/Always.
Interval level
Definition: Measurement is on a scale where the difference or intervals between adjacent points are the same or standardised.
Example: Temperature provides interval data. An increase of one degree represents the same underlying amount of heat, regardless of where it occurs on the scale (e.g. between 2º–3º, 15º–16º or 30º–31º).
fMRI
Book1, Chap. 4, p. 142
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Book1, Chap. 4, p. 142
A technique used to explore brain activity by measuring electrical fluctuations along the scalp that arise as a result of neural processes
Salience
online definition
The term salient refers to anything (person, behavior, trait, etc.) that is prominent, conspicuous, or otherwise noticeable compared with its surroundings. Salience is usually produced by novelty or unexpectedness, but can also be brought about by shifting one’s attention to that feature.
Inferential Statistics
Week 5 methods and skills
Statistical tests that permit inferences to be made and conclusions to be drawn from quantitative data generated by research
Descriptive Statistics
week 4, Methods and skills
These are used to describe features of a data set; for example, the mean and the standard deviation.
Experimental Design (Study) (Week 5, Methods and skills)
A type of research design that systematically manipulates one or more variables to see whether this impacts another variable. This allows researchers to establish cause and effect.
