Book 1, Chapter 3

Question 1

Social Comparison Theory

pg. 87-88

Answer 1

• proposed by Festinger (1954)
• suggests that in order to make sense of how to behave in the world, we compare our abilities and opinions to those of other people

Question 2

Self-categorisation

pg. 90-91

Answer 2

Turner (1982), an awareness of ones membership in a social group

Question 3

Phase model and IPA

pp. 95-97

Answer 3

IPA-interaction process analysis
Bales (1950) developed a phase model of group processes, according to which groups exist to achieve tasks, so ultimately all activity is directed to this end.

Question 4

Bales (1950)

pp. 95-98

Answer 4

Identified 3 phases that a group engages in to complete the task at hand

1. the orientation phase: during this phase the group orients to the problem, clarifies tasks and identifies relevant information, it is highly communicative, expressing opinions and ideas
2. the Evaluation phase: in which ideas are assessed, starts out low, rises during the middle of the session and then declines again
3. the Control phase: during which the members manage and police each other, exerting efforts on reaching a decision

Question 5

Tuckman and Jensen (1977)

pp. 98-99

Answer 5

5 stage model of group development;

forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning

Question 6

Group Cohesiveness

pp. 99-100

Answer 6

the processes that hold the group together

Question 7

Entitativity

p. 100

Answer 7

The degree to which a group is defined as a unified and coherent whole.

Question 8

Social facilitation

p. 101-104

Answer 8

How individual performance is impacted by the presence of others
related: Norman Triplett (1898)-cyclists go faster when competing against others than the clock

Question 9

Social Loafing

p.101, 105-107

Answer 9

1. the tendency of individuals to makes less of an effort when they are working collectively with others than when they are on their own.
2. studied by Latane et.al. (1979)

Question 10

Robert Zajonc (1969) 
pp.102-103

Answer 10

experiments with cockroaches running through mazes answered inconsistencies in findings of social facilitation theory
the presence of others increases arousal and to an extent that increases performance, however, at a certain level of arousal this is no longer helpful and can decrease performance

Question 11

Latane et.al. (1979)

p. 105

Answer 11

1. researched and named the phenomenon of social loafing
2. as the group size increases each member feels less responsible for the outcome, responsibility is diffused
3. social impact theory

Question 12

Jackson and Williams (1985)

pp. 105-106

Answer 12

1. present a case for integrating the findings from the two streams of research (social facilitation and social loafing)
2. argue that social loafing is the flip side of social facilitation because in social loafing you find low arousal or low evaluation threat, while in social facilitation you find high arousal or high evaluation threat

Question 13

Collective model effort

pp. 106-107

Answer 13

1. This model suggests that workings as a group reduces motivation because participants realise that their individual contributions cannot be evaluated on an individual basis
2. Karau and Williams (1993)