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AP Chem > VOCAB tk > Flashcards

VOCAB tk Flashcards

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1
Q

Activation Energy

A

Minimum energy needs to be added to a system in order for the chemical reaction to occur

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2
Q

Alpha Particle

A

He+2. 2 protons, mass number=4, 2+charge Highly ionizing particle;Low energy

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3
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charge ion

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4
Q

Arrhenius Acid

A

Donates a H+ ion

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5
Q

Arrhenius Base

A

Donates a OH- ion

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6
Q

Atom

A

Smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element

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7
Q

Atomic mass

A

Average of all naturally occurring isotopes

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8
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons; defines the atom

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9
Q

Beta Particle

A

-1 proton, mass number=0; medium ionizing ability, medium energy

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10
Q

Boiling

A

Phase change from liquid to gas

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11
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

A

Donates a proton, H+

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12
Q

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A

Accepts a proton, H+

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13
Q

Calorimetry

A

Means of measuring the heat gained/lost by a system during a chemical reaction

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14
Q

Catalyst

A

Lowers the activation energy. Not a reactant. Not a product

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15
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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16
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

Rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

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17
Q

Condensation

A

Phase change from gas to a liquid

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18
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

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19
Q

Deposition

A

Phase change from a gas to a solid

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20
Q

Dipole-Dipole

A

Permanent intermolecular forces present in polar molecules

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21
Q

Direct relationship

A

Relationship between two variables where when one changes, the other changes in the
same manner

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22
Q

Dissociate

A

To break into ions

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23
Q

Dissolve

A

To break into smaller pieces

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24
Q

Distillation

A

Process of separating liquids based on differences in boiling temperatures

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25
Q

Double Bond

A

Two shared pairs of electrons

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26
Q

Electrolyte

A

Dissociates into charge particles which are capable of conducting electricity

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27
Q

Electrolytic Cell

A

Redox reaction that is nonspontaneous

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28
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom. Quantity that can’t be
measured. **** Fluorine is most electronegative element.

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29
Q

Electron Affinity

A

Energy released when an atom gains an electron. Actual quantity that can be measured.
*****Chlorine has highest electron affinity.

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30
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle. Charge = -1, Mass ~ 0amu. Located in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus

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31
Q

Empirical formula

A

Lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

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32
Q

Molecular Formula

A

The true formula representing the actual number of each atom present in the substance.

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33
Q

Endothermic

A

Energy is gained by the system

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34
Q

Exothermic

A

Energy is released by the system

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35
Q

Evaporation

A

Process of removing water from an aqueous solution. Solute is left behind

36
Q

Filtrate

A

Liquid that passes through the filter paper

37
Q

Filtration

A

Process of separating a precipitate from its aqueous solution

38
Q

Formula Unit

A

Ionically bonded atoms

39
Q

Freezing

A

Phase change from a liquid to a solid

40
Q

Galvanic / Voltaic Cell

A

Redox reaction that is spontaneous

41
Q

Gamma Ray

A

0 protons, mass number = 0, Low ionizing ability, high energy

42
Q

Halogen

A

Elements in group 17. Form halides as ions

43
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Strong dipole-dipole that results when H is bonded to F, O, or N (Special dipole that exists in only selective polar molecules)

44
Q

Indirect Relationship

A

Relationship between two variables where when one changes, the other changes in the
opposite manner

45
Q

Insoluble

A

Does not dissolve in water

46
Q

Intermediate

A

Species produced in one step and consumed in another step

47
Q

Intermolecular Forces, IMF

A

Attractive forces between molecules

48
Q

Ion

A

Charge particle

49
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Bond formed by the transfer of 1 or more electrons from the least electronegative atom to the more electronegative atom

50
Q

Ionization Energy

A

Energy required to remove the outer electron

51
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion, temperature is a measure of KE

52
Q

Limiting reactant

A

Reactant that runs out first thus limiting the amount of product that can be formed

53
Q

London Dispersion Forces

A

Temporary intermolecular forces caused by the movement of electrons. Present in all nonpolar and polar substances. Most prominent in Nonpolar molecules.

54
Q

Lone pair

A

Unbonded electrons

55
Q

Mass number

A

Mass of all protons and neutrons

56
Q

Melting

A

Phase change from a solid to a liquid

57
Q

Molar mass

A

grams per 1 mol

58
Q

Molarity

A

moles of solute per liter of solution

59
Q

Molecule

A

Covalently bonded atoms

60
Q

Neutron

A

Neutral particle. No charge. Mass = 1amu, Located in the nucleus

61
Q

Noble Gas

A

Group 18 on the PT. Each has 8 valence electrons. Nonreactive

62
Q

Orbital

A

Regions of probability where electrons are located. Each orbital can contain up to 2 electrons

63
Q

Oxidation Number

A

A charge assigned to an atom that represents that charge it would have if it contained an ionic bond. Oxidation numbers are written as charge value, +4, -6, +2

64
Q

Oxidation

A

Process of losing electrons which increases the oxidation number

65
Q

Percent Error

A

Absolute value (Theoretical – Experimental) / Theoretical) x 100%

66
Q

Percent Yield

A

(Quantity produced / Theoretical Amount) x 100%

67
Q

Precipitate

A

Solid matter that forms from the reaction of two aqueous solutions

68
Q

Principle Energy Levels

A

n= 1 means first energy level. Energy levels contain sublevels

69
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle. Charge = +1, Mass = 1amu, Located in the nucleus

70
Q

Reduction

A

Process of gaining electrons which reduces the oxidation number

71
Q

Single bond

A

One shared pair of electrons

72
Q

Soluble

A

Dissolves in water

73
Q

Solute

A

The species that gets dissolved to form a solution

74
Q

Solution

A

Solute and solvent

75
Q

Solvent

A

The species that does the dissolving to form a solution

76
Q

Sources of Erorr

A

These are errors that you make in the lab which result in either increased or decreased yields.
These do not include Human Error, Calculations, Massing…..

77
Q

Specific Heat

A

Energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1C

78
Q

Strong Acid

A

Dissociates 100%

79
Q

Strong base

A

Dissociates 100%

80
Q

Sublevel

A

s, p, d, and f. defines the shape

81
Q

Sublimation

A

Phase change from a solid to a gas

82
Q

Surroundings

A

This refers to everything outside of the system

83
Q

System

A

This refers to the reaction

84
Q

Triple bond

A

Three shared pairs of electrons

85
Q

Valence electrons

A

Outer electrons which are available for bonding

86
Q

Weak acid

A

Dissociate very little. Remains mostly in its molecular form

87
Q

Weak base

A

Dissociate very little. Remains mostly in its molecular form

AP Chem (5 decks)

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