Atomic Structure Principle

Question 1

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 1

In a given atom, no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
Therefore, an orbital can hold only two electrons, and they must have opposite spins.

Question 2

Aufbau Principle

Answer 2

As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to these hydrogen-like orbitals.

Question 3

Hund’s Rule

Answer 3

The lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals

Question 4

Surface Tension

Answer 4

The resistance to an increase in its surface (polar molecules). A sphere has the maximum volume for the minimum surface area.

Question 5

Capillary Action

Answer 5

Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube.

Question 6

Viscosity

Answer 6

Resistance to flow (molecules with large intermolecular forces)

Question 7

Cohesive forces

Answer 7

Exist between molecules of a liquid.

Question 8

Adhesive forces

Answer 8

Exist between the liquid and its container.

Question 9

Vaporization

Answer 9

Change from liquid to gas at boiling point

Question 10

Evaporation

Answer 10

Change from liquid to gas below boiling point

Question 11

Boltzman Distribution

Answer 11

number of molecules in a liquid with a given energy versus kinetic energy at two different temperatures

Question 12

Critical temperature

Answer 12

Temperature above which the vapor can not be liquefied

Question 13

Critical pressure

Answer 13

Pressure required to liquefy at the critical temperature

Question 14

Critical point

Answer 14

Critical temperature and pressure (for water Tc=347C and 218 atm)

Question 15

Boiling Point

Answer 15

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid or solid equals the external air pressure upon it

Question 16

Normal Boiling Point

Answer 16

The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid or solid equals standard pressure

Question 17

Crystalline Solids

Answer 17

Highly regular arrangement of their components (table salt NaCl, pyrite FeS2)

Question 18

Amorphous solids

Answer 18

Considerable disorder in their structures /no particular order in the arrangement of particles (glass)

Question 19

Lattice

Answer 19

A 3-dimensional system of points designating the centers of components (atoms, ions, or molecules) that make up the substance

Question 20

Unit Cell

Answer 20

The smallest repeating unit of the lattice

Question 21

Network/Atomic Solid

Answer 21

Contains atoms at the lattice points (diamond)

Question 22

Ionic Solid

Answer 22

Contains ions at the points of the lattice that describe the structure of the solid (NaCl)

Question 23

Molecular Solid

Answer 23

discrete covalently bonded molecules at each of its lattice points (sucrose, ice)

Question 24

Electron Sea Model

Answer 24

A regular array of metals in a “sea” of electrons

Question 25

Band (Molecular Orbital) Model

Answer 25

Electrons assumed to travel around metal crystal in MOs formed from valence atomic orbitals of metal atoms

Question 26

Conduction bands

Answer 26

Closely spaced empty molecular orbitals allow conductivity of heat and electricity

Question 27

Substitutional Alloy

Answer 27

Some of the host metal atoms are replaced by other metal atoms of similar size

Question 28

Interstitial Alloy

Answer 28

some of the holes in the closet packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms

Question 29

n type semiconductor

Answer 29

Doped with atoms having more valence electrons —Phosphorus

Question 30

P type semiconductor

Answer 30

Doped with atoms having fewer Valence electrons —Boron

Question 31

Hydrophobic

Answer 31

Water-fearing. Fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, & K

Question 32

Hydrophilic

Answer 32

Water loving. Water soluble vitamins such as B & C

Question 33

Hypervitaminosis

Answer 33

Excessive buildup of vitamins A, D, E, & K in the body