Vocab Quiz Set 1 Flashcards
The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane.
Active Transport
A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The intermolecular attraction between unlike molecules. Capillary action results from the adhesive properties of water and the molecules that make up plant cells.
Adhesion
The artificial cultivation of food, fiber, and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of various organisms.
Agriculture
A term that describes a nonliving factor in an ecosystem.
Abiotic
A variation of a gene’s nucleotide sequence (an alternative form of a gene).
Allele
The measure of the relative frequency of an allele at a genetic locus in a population; expressed as a proportion or percentage.
Allele Frequency
A physical structure, present in multiple species, that is similar in function but different in form and inheritance.
Analogous Structure
A term that describes an organism associated with a water environment.
Aquatic
The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element.
Atom
The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels.
Biochemical Conversion
The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems.
Bioenergetics
The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles. (I.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle)
Biogeochemical Cycles
A group of biomacromolecules that interact with biological systems and their environments.
Biological Macromolecules
The scientific study of life.
Biology
A large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to that environment.
Biome
The zone of life on Earth; sum total of all ecosystems on Earth.
Biosphere
Any procedure or methodology that uses biological systems or living organisms to develop or modify either products or processes for specific use. This term is commonly associated with genetic engineering, which is one of many applications.
Biotechnology
A term that describes a living or once living organism in an ecosystem.
Biotic
A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and serves as a major source of energy for living organisms (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose).
Carbohydrate
Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules into and out of cells; also known as transport proteins
Carrier (Transport) Proteins
A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (e.g., lower temperature) than otherwise possible without being changed by the reaction.
Catalyst
The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common components: genetic material cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain specialized organelles.
Cell
The series of events that take place in the cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis.
Cell Cycle
A complex set of chemical reactions involving an energy transformation where potential chemical energy in the bonds of “food” molecules is released and partially captured in the bonds of ATP molecules.
Cellular Respiration
A change in the structure of a chromosome (e.g. Deletion, the loss of a segment of a chromosome and thus the lost of a segment containing genes; duplication, when a segment of a chromosome is duplicated and thus displayed more than once on the chromosome; inversion, when a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse order; and translocation, when he segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome).
Chromosomal Mutation
A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in the linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.
Chromosomes
A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.
Cloning
A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of two alleles in a heterozygous genotype express each phenotype of each allele fully and equally; A phenotype which would not be expressed in any other genotypic combination.
Co-dominance
The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from the cohesive properties of water.
Cohesion
An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms where photosynthesis occurs.
Chloroplast
Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment.
Community (Ecological)
When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as territory, mates, water, and food in the same environment.
Competition
The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance.
Concentration
The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution.
Concentration Gradient
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.
Consumer(Ecological)
An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1 of meiosis; contributes to the genetic variability in gametes and ultimately in offspring
Crossing-over
The final phase of the cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
An organism that obtains nutrients by consuming dead and decaying organic matter which allows nutrients to be accessible to other organisms.
Decomposer
A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms and is capable of self replication and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; a natural result of kinetic molecular energy
Diffusion
The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself
DNA replication
A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effects of an allele is completely expressed within a homozygous and heterozygous genotype
Dominant inheritance
The study of relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment
Ecology
A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment
Ecosystem
