Vocab Quiz Flashcards
The process a cell goes through each time it divides
Cell cycle
Nuclear membrane breaks down, sister chromatids condense, and spindle forms
Prophase
Sister chromatids line up in center of the cell
Metaphase
Sister chromatid pairs pulled apart and are on seperate sides of the cell
Anaphase
Cells begin to seperate
Telophase
The resting stage
Interphase
A chromosome and its identical replicated copy, joined at the centromere.
Chromatid
connects the sister chromatids near the middle
Chromere
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.
Centriole
the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells
Spindle fibers
the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage
Cleavage furrow
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
a structure that forms in the cells of land plants while they are undergoing cell division
Cell plate
a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote
Gamete
the male reproductive cell
Sperm
The female reproductive cell
Egg
Cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes
Diploid
the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells
Haploid
a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes
Zygote
a cell produced during cleavage of a fertilized egg
Blastomere
a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed
Morula
animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells
Blastula
the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula
Blastocoel
an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells
Gastrula
a mouth-like opening of the archenteron on the surface of the embryo during the invagination of the archenteron
Blastopore
n
Haploid
2n
Diploid
Cell growth, make Organelles and Proteins
G1
Point of no return: DNA is replicated
S
Make more proteins and organelles
G2
Exchange of genetic info between homologous chromosomes
Crossing over
Sources of Genetic variation in Sexual reproduction
Segrigation and Fertilization
Unequal distribution of chromosomes during meiosis
Nondisjunction
Determines the phenotype
Dominant gene
Only appears if 2 are present
Recessive gene
alternative forms of genes on homologous chromosomes
Alleles
Organism’s physical traits
Phenotype
Organism’s genetic makeup
Genotype
Only one of two copies of a gene goes into the gamete
Law of Segregation
The alleles for one gene do not influence the alleles for the other gene
Law of Independent Assortment
When an organism has identical alleles for a gene
Homozygous
When an organism has different alleles for a gene
Heterozygous
An individual with a dominant phenotype and an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual.
Test Cross
Intermediate (blended version) of the two homozygotes
Incomplete Dominance
in which the heterozygote displays characteristics of both homozygotes. Both phenotype are expressed
Co-Dominance
the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
Polygenetic Inheritance
a single gene has multiple effects on the phenotype
Pleiotropy
Gene carried on X chromosome
Sex-linked trait
