Vocab and Acronyms

Question 1

What is Bacteriuria?

Answer 1

Bacteria found in urine

Question 2

VADA-BSI

Answer 2

Vascular Access Device Associated Bloodstream Infection.

CLABSI and Catheter Associated BSI are subsets of VADs

Question 3

PICC and where is it located?

Answer 3

Peripheral/percutaneous inserted central catheter.

Usually in the arm (peripheral) and lined to the heart.

Question 4

Pyruia

Answer 4

Pus in urine

Question 5

CAP

Answer 5

Community Acquired Pneumonia

Question 6

HCAP

Answer 6

Healthcare-Associated Pnemonia

Hospitalization 2-90days of development of infection. Resident in nursing home. Received transfusion/dialysis in last 30days.

Question 7

HAP

Answer 7

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

=> 2 in hospital

Question 8

NV-HAP

Answer 8

Non-ventilator hospital acquired pneumonia

Question 9

VAP

Answer 9

Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

Received ventilation for 48hrs

Question 10

Urgent vs emergent intubation

Answer 10

Emergent is life threatening respiratory compromise needing immediate intervention.

Urgent is non-life threatening respiratory compromise that has potential to become life threatening.

Question 11

3 Risks of poor outcomes when using a ventilator

Answer 11

1) feeding tubes
2) risk of comorbidities
3) inappropriate use of abx
4) low level of consciousness
5) gastric/intestine tubes

Question 12

Inoculum of bacterium

Answer 12

Number of bacteria at site

Question 13

Virulence

Answer 13

Number of microorganisms needed to cause infection. High virulence, fewer microorganisms.

“Disease producing power of an organism”

Extra: Less virulent organisms become pathogenic as host becomes progressively more immunocompromised.

Question 14

Pathogenicity

Answer 14

Ability for an organism to cause disease (aka, a pathogenic vs a non-pathogenic organism)

“All or none” concept

Question 15

Infectivity

Answer 15

The ability for a a pathogen to invade a host.

Infectivity measures the ability to establish an infection

Likelihood that a pathogen will infect host given that the host has been exposed to the pathogen

Question 16

Invasiveness

Answer 16

Ability to spread through the body

Question 17

Viscera

Answer 17

Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen. (E.g. intestines)

Question 18

Parenteral

Answer 18

Input of medications not through digestive tract.

(Par = beyond, enteral = intestines)

Question 19

Immunobiologics

Answer 19

An antigenic substance or antibody containing preparation used to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease.

Question 20

Vaccines

Answer 20

Live or inactivated microorganisms. (Active immunity)

Question 21

Toxoid

Answer 21

A modified non-toxic bacterial toxin that is capable of stimulating antitoxin (e.g. Tetanus, Diphtheria)

(Active immunity)

Question 22

Active immunization

Answer 22

Antibodies against a specific disease produced by the immune system acquired by:
1) contracting the disease, or
2) vaccination

Long lasting but individuals are susceptible to variants and mild forms of disease.

Cellular immune response.

Question 23

Passive immunization

Answer 23

Use of a preparation containing antibodies produced by another human or animal. Short term.
1) immunoglobulin
2) Antitoxin

Question 24

Immunoglobulin

Answer 24

Sterile solution from human (passive immunity)

Question 25

Antitoxin

Answer 25

Solution of antibodies derived from serum from an animal immunized with specific antigens (passive immunity)

Question 26

Knowledge

Skills

Competency

Answer 26

Knowledge - facts or info acquired through training. Awareness of factual info.

Skills - The ability to do something well. The practical application of knowledge.

Competency - ultimate goal. Combination of skill, knowledge, with desire to perform tasks consistently and correctly

Question 27

Set of values guiding beliefs. Or ways of thinking that are shared among members of an organization. The “feel” of an organization.

Answer 27

Organizational culture

Question 28

Adverse event

Answer 28

Any negative impact even involving patients in a healthcare setting

Examples:
1) sentinel events
2) drug-related errors
3) HAIs
4) Competency errors
5) Process errors
6) diagnostic and therapeutic mishaps

Question 29

Sentinel event

Answer 29

Patient safety events resulting in death, permanent harm, or severe harm.

All sentinel events are adverse events but not vice versa.

Question 30

Near-Miss

Answer 30

Events in which unwanted consequences were prevented because there was a recovery and correction of the failure

Question 31

External failure due to reduced intentionality. Subset of skill-based errors.

Answer 31

Slip

Question 32

Internal failure due to failure in memory. Subset of skill-based errors.

Answer 32

Lapse

Question 33

Skill-based error

Answer 33

Inadvertent mistake when conducting a routine or automatic task, due to distraction.

When action made is not what was intended.

Question 34

Rule-based errors

Answer 34

When a rule or procedure is remembered or applied incorrectly.

E.g.
- injecting meds into the wrong site.
- Misapplying a good rule

Past experiences, training, or misunderstanding can result in the development and execution of bad or misapplied rules

When action was as intended but do not achieve their intended out one due to incorrect application of a rule or inadequacy of their plan.

Question 35

Knowledge-based errors

Answer 35

Mistake resulting for incorrect or incomplete knowledge.

E.g. Administering penicillin without checking if patient is allergic.

Confirmation bias is common.

Actions that match intentions but do not achieve the intended outcome due to knowledge deficit.

Question 36

Peritoneal cavity

Answer 36

Space within abdomen that’s contains stomach, intestines, and liver.

Question 37

Opportunistic diseases

Answer 37

Infections that occur more often or more severely in more people with weakened immune systems.

Example: Breaks in skin caused by things like burns can promote invasion of skin flora such as staphylococcus aureus.

Question 38

Microbes that colonize the body and usually do not cause disease.

Answer 38

Normal Flora

Question 39

All-hazards risk assessment

Answer 39

Integrated emergency preparedness approach that builds capacities and capabilities to address all risks and disasters.

Examples. CMS’s Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) program

Question 40

Checklist

Answer 40

A tool that helps me sure each list element is thoroughly considered so that nothing is missed.

Question 41

Implementation science

Answer 41

Methods to apply evidence-based practices to improve quality of care of patients.