Vocab and Acronyms Flashcards
What is Bacteriuria?
Bacteria found in urine
VADA-BSI
Vascular Access Device Associated Bloodstream Infection.
CLABSI and Catheter Associated BSI are subsets of VADs
PICC and where is it located?
Peripheral/percutaneous inserted central catheter.
Usually in the arm (peripheral) and lined to the heart.
Pyruia
Pus in urine
CAP
Community Acquired Pneumonia
HCAP
Healthcare-Associated Pnemonia
Hospitalization 2-90days of development of infection. Resident in nursing home. Received transfusion/dialysis in last 30days.
HAP
Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
=> 2 in hospital
NV-HAP
Non-ventilator hospital acquired pneumonia
VAP
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
Received ventilation for 48hrs
Urgent vs emergent intubation
Emergent is life threatening respiratory compromise needing immediate intervention.
Urgent is non-life threatening respiratory compromise that has potential to become life threatening.
3 Risks of poor outcomes when using a ventilator
1) feeding tubes
2) risk of comorbidities
3) inappropriate use of abx
4) low level of consciousness
5) gastric/intestine tubes
Inoculum of bacterium
Number of bacteria at site
Virulence
Number of microorganisms needed to cause infection. High virulence, fewer microorganisms.
“Disease producing power of an organism”
Extra: Less virulent organisms become pathogenic as host becomes progressively more immunocompromised.
Pathogenicity
Ability for an organism to cause disease (aka, a pathogenic vs a non-pathogenic organism)
“All or none” concept
Infectivity
The ability for a a pathogen to invade a host.
Infectivity measures the ability to establish an infection
Likelihood that a pathogen will infect host given that the host has been exposed to the pathogen
Invasiveness
Ability to spread through the body
Viscera
Internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen. (E.g. intestines)
Parenteral
Input of medications not through digestive tract.
(Par = beyond, enteral = intestines)
Immunobiologics
An antigenic substance or antibody containing preparation used to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease.
Vaccines
Live or inactivated microorganisms. (Active immunity)
Toxoid
A modified non-toxic bacterial toxin that is capable of stimulating antitoxin (e.g. Tetanus, Diphtheria)
(Active immunity)
Active immunization
Antibodies against a specific disease produced by the immune system acquired by:
1) contracting the disease, or
2) vaccination
Long lasting but individuals are susceptible to variants and mild forms of disease.
Cellular immune response.
Passive immunization
Use of a preparation containing antibodies produced by another human or animal. Short term.
1) immunoglobulin
2) Antitoxin
Immunoglobulin
Sterile solution from human (passive immunity)
Antitoxin
Solution of antibodies derived from serum from an animal immunized with specific antigens (passive immunity)
Knowledge
Skills
Competency
Knowledge - facts or info acquired through training. Awareness of factual info.
Skills - The ability to do something well. The practical application of knowledge.
Competency - ultimate goal. Combination of skill, knowledge, with desire to perform tasks consistently and correctly
Set of values guiding beliefs. Or ways of thinking that are shared among members of an organization. The “feel” of an organization.
Organizational culture
Adverse event
Any negative impact even involving patients in a healthcare setting
Examples:
1) sentinel events
2) drug-related errors
3) HAIs
4) Competency errors
5) Process errors
6) diagnostic and therapeutic mishaps
Sentinel event
Patient safety events resulting in death, permanent harm, or severe harm.
All sentinel events are adverse events but not vice versa.
Near-Miss
Events in which unwanted consequences were prevented because there was a recovery and correction of the failure
External failure due to reduced intentionality. Subset of skill-based errors.
Slip
Internal failure due to failure in memory. Subset of skill-based errors.
Lapse
Skill-based error
Inadvertent mistake when conducting a routine or automatic task, due to distraction.
When action made is not what was intended.
Rule-based errors
When a rule or procedure is remembered or applied incorrectly.
E.g.
- injecting meds into the wrong site.
- Misapplying a good rule
Past experiences, training, or misunderstanding can result in the development and execution of bad or misapplied rules
When action was as intended but do not achieve their intended out one due to incorrect application of a rule or inadequacy of their plan.
Knowledge-based errors
Mistake resulting for incorrect or incomplete knowledge.
E.g. Administering penicillin without checking if patient is allergic.
Confirmation bias is common.
Actions that match intentions but do not achieve the intended outcome due to knowledge deficit.
Peritoneal cavity
Space within abdomen that’s contains stomach, intestines, and liver.
Opportunistic diseases
Infections that occur more often or more severely in more people with weakened immune systems.
Example: Breaks in skin caused by things like burns can promote invasion of skin flora such as staphylococcus aureus.
Microbes that colonize the body and usually do not cause disease.
Normal Flora
All-hazards risk assessment
Integrated emergency preparedness approach that builds capacities and capabilities to address all risks and disasters.
Examples. CMS’s Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) program
Checklist
A tool that helps me sure each list element is thoroughly considered so that nothing is missed.
Implementation science
Methods to apply evidence-based practices to improve quality of care of patients.
