Identifying ID Processes: Bacteria Flashcards
Enterobacter
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rods
Transmission: hands, contaminated food, equipment. May colonize and turn into infection when normal flora is reduced by antibiotics
Infections: UTIs, respiratory infections, wound infections, bacteremia
Notes: opportunistic bacteria
E. coli
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rod
Transmission: contact, ingestion, fecal-oral, foodborne
Infections: GI, UTI, bacteremia
Notes: Category B bioterrorism agent
Klebsiella
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Aerobic, rod
Transmission: Direct contact, person to person, contaminated environment.
Infections: pneumonia, bacteremia, wound infection, UTI
Notes: normal flora in GI tract, may asymptomatically colonize upper respiratory tract.
Proteus
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rod
Transmission: person to person, direct and indirect contact and contaminated environment
Infections: UTI, respiratory, wound, bacteremia
Notes: normal flora of GI tract that becomes pathogenic elsewhere.
Salmonella
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rod
Transmission: fecal-oral through water and food.
Infections: typhoid fever, foodborne illness,
Notes: Category B bioterrorism agent
Serratia
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rod
Transmission: contact, contamination of fluids or equipment.
Infections: pneumonia, bacteremia, wound
Notes: Normal flora in GI tract.
Shigella
Enteric Gram negative bacteria
Facultative anaerobe, rod
Transmission: fecal-oral contact. Mainly person to person but can also be on food/water or environment.
Infections: Gastroenteritis and dysentery
Notes: Highly contagious and few organisms needed to cause disease. Category B bioterrorism agent. One serotype has been known to produce shiga toxin which causes high fatality rates.
Acinetobacter
Non-enteric gram negative
Aerobic, rod
Mode of transmission: direct and indirect, environmental contact.
Infections: pneumonia, bacteremia, wound
Notes: in water sources but can survive dry surfaces for a month!
Bordetella
Non-enteric gram negative
Aerobic, coccobacilli
Mode of transmission: Droplet
Infections: pertussis, pneumonia
Notes: whoop sound in kids.
Brucella
Non-enteric gram negative
Aerobic, cocxobacilli
Mode of transmission: unpasteurized dairy products
Infections: fever, arthritis, osteomyelitis, nodular lung, endocarditis
Notes: category B bioterrorism agent
Campylobacter
Non-enteric gram negative
Curved rod
Mode of transmission: contact or ingestion of contaminated soil, water, or food.
Infections: gastroenteritis
Notes: small infectious dose!
Chlamydia
Non-enteric gram negative
Aerobic, cocci
Mode of transmission: depends on species; droplet and contact, contact sexual transmission, inhaling bird secretions and feces.
Infections: depends on species; pneumonia, genital infections and conjunctivitis, psittacosis
Notes: psittacosis is a category B bioterrorism agent
Haemophilus
Non-enteric gram negative
Coccobacillus
Transmission: contact and droplet
Infections: respiratory, meningitis, bacteremia, otitis media
Notes: normal flora of upper respiratory tract. Vaccine exists.
Legionella
Non-enteric gram negative
Rod
Transmission: aspiration or direct inhalation of organisms
Infections: legionnaires
Notes: difficult to see with gram stain.
Neisseria
Non-enteric gram negative
Diplococci
Transmission: respiratory droplets
Infections: meningitis, bacteremia or another sources with genital infection
Notes: meningitis typically part of normal flora in back of nose and throat. Often incidental findings in respiratory cultures and often depends on clinical presentation.
Pseudomonas
Non-enteric gram negative
Aerobic, rod
Transmission: contaminated water, foods, contact.
Infections: ear infections, UTIs, respiratory, wound, bacteremia, burn patients
Notes:
Bacillus
Gram-positive
Aerobic, rod
Transmission: foodborne, contact
Infections: anthrax
- cutaneous: blisters, bumps
- inhalation: fever, SOB, cough, dizzy nausea, chills.
- other species but others about immunocompromised situation and food
Notes: anthracis is a category A bioterrorism agent
Clostridioides
Gram-positive
Anaerobic, rod, spore containing,
Transmission: spores in environment
Infections: Colitis, increased WBC (leukocytes)
Notes: CDI can last for years. Standard abx doesn’t work.
Clostridium
Gram-positive
Anaerobic, rod, spore containing
Transmission: botulism, gas gangrene (perfringens), tetanus
Infections: contact, ingestion
Notes: botulism is a category A bioterrorism agent. Perfringens is a category B bioterrorism agent. All 3 produce toxins.
Enterococci
Gram-positive
Aerobic, catalase-negative, non-spore forming, cocci
Transmission: direct and indirect contact
Infections: UTIs, wound, bacteremia, endocarditis, abdominal infections.
Notes: most abundant gram positive cocci in GI tract
Listeria
Gram-positive
Rods
Transmission: foodborne, prenatal transmission.
Infections: meningitis
Notes: Accounts for small number of all foodborne cases, but high proportion of hospitalization and deaths.
Staphylococcus (coagulase-negative)
Gram-positive
Cocci
Transmission: contact
Infections: UTI, bacteremia, device infections, endocarditis
Notes: Methicillin resistance is common and contact precautions are NOT needed for Methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus species. Often colonizes skin but can become a pathogen when it enters tissue or sterile sites. This is the leading cause of infections associated with implants. Often found in contaminated blood cultures
Staphylococcus (coagulase-positive) AKA: Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-positive
Cocci
Transmission: Endogenous (naturally occurring on host), contact
Infections: Wound, pneumonia, bacteremia, endocarditis, enterotoxin can lead to toxic shock syndrome (TSS), food poisoning.
Notes: Very important human pathogen, part of skin flora, nares, nasopharynx, perineal. MRSA if resistant to methicillin.
Streptococcus
Gram-positive
Several species: Group A - pyogenes; Group B - agalactiae; Group G - pneumonia, viridans
Chain
Transmission:
Group A - person to person contact, droplet, foodborne and waterborne, arthropod vectors, fomites
Group B - Contact, sexual contact, infants
Group G - foodborne, can colonize parts of body, contact
Infections:
Group A - necrotizing fasciitis, soft tissue, abscess, post operative surgical sites, scarlet fever and rheumatic fever
Group B - neonatal infections, bacteremia
Group G - opportunistic infections such as bacteremia, septic arthritis, endocarditis etc. in patients with underlying medical conditions.
Notes:
Group A - one of the most important pathogens found in humans. Produces toxins. Single surgical site infections is significant and further investigation of the source is a must. (Beta hemolytic)
Group B - also beta hemolytic. Common in GI tract and genital tract
Group G - alpha hemolytic.
TB-causing Mycobacterium
Only Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast bacilli
Pulmonary TB, cough lasting more than 3 weeks, weight loss, night sweats
Transmission: airborne
Notes: positive AFB smear, positive PCR testing results.
Non-tuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM)
Avium, abscessus, fortuitum, kansasii, chelonae, chimaera
AFB - acid fast bacilli
Rapid growing: abs, fort, chelonae
Slow growing: av, Kansas, chim
Transmission: all environmental contact, tap water (except Kansas and chim), can’t transmit between humans.
Notes: opportunistic pathogens found in soil, dust, and water. M. avium is the most common to cause disease.
Borrelia
Borrelia burgdorferi
Spirochetes
Transmission: Ticks
Infections: Lyme
Notes: vaccine available l
Treponema
Treponema pallidum
Gram-negative spirochete
Transmission: sexual contact. Blood transfusion. Fetal infections through placental transfer
Infections: syphilis
Primary phase: primary lesions
Secondary: everything else, CNS, lesions on bone etc
Tertiary: fatal
Notes: none
