Vocab 9 - Protecting Assets in the NISP (Glossary)

Question 1

Access

Answer 1

The ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information.

Question 2

Acquisition Special Access Program (ASAP)

Answer 2

A Special Access Program (SAP) established primarily to protect sensitive research, development, testing, and evaluation or procurement activities in support of sensitive military and intelligence requirements.

Question 3

Acquisition Systems Protection (ASP)

Answer 3

The safeguarding of defense systems anywhere in the acquisition process as defined in Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 5000.1; defense technologies being developed that could lead to weapon or defense systems; and defense research data.

Question 4

Adjudication

Answer 4

Evaluation of personnel security investigations and other relevant information to determine if it is clearly consistent with the interests of national security for persons to be granted or retain eligibility for access to classified information and continue to hold positions requiring a trustworthiness decision.

Question 5

Adjudication Facility

Answer 5

A facility with assigned adjudicators certified to evaluate
Personnel Security Investigations (PSI) and other relevant information to determine if granting or continuing national security eligibility is clearly consistent with the interests of national security. The DoD consolidated adjudications facility is known as the DoD Central Adjudication Facility (CAF).

Question 6

Alternative Compensatory Control Measures (ACCM)

Answer 6

Measures designed to safeguard sensitive intelligence and operations when normal security measures are either not sufficient to achieve strict controls over access to information or where strict SAP access controls are either not required or are too stringent.

Question 7

Analysis

Answer 7

The process by which information is transformed into intelligence; a systemic examination of information to identify significant facts, make judgments, and draw conclusions.

Question 8

Anomaly

Answer 8

Activity or knowledge, outside the norm, that suggests a foreign entity has foreknowledge of U.S. information, processes, or capabilities.

Question 9

Antiterrorism (AT)

Answer 9

Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to terrorist acts, to include rapid containment by local military and civilian forces.

Question 10

Assets

Answer 10

A person, structure, facility, information, material, or process that has value.

Question 11

Caveat

Answer 11

A designator used with or without a security classification to further limit the dissemination of restricted information.

Question 12

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Answer 12

An independent U.S. Government agency responsible for providing national security intelligence to senior U.S. policymakers. Primary mission: collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence to assist the President and senior U.S. government policymakers.

Question 13

Classification

Answer 13

The determination that official information requires, in the interests of national security, a specific degree of protection against unauthorized disclosure, coupled with a designation signifying that such a determination has been made.

Question 14

Classified Information

Answer 14

Information that has been determined pursuant to Executive Order (EO) 13526, or any successor order, EO 12951, or any successor order, or the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011) to require protection against
unauthorized disclosure and that is marked to indicate its classified status when indocumentary form.

Question 15

Classified Information Spillage

Answer 15

Security incident that occurs whenever classified data is spilled either onto an unclassified information system or to an information system with a lower level of classification or different security category.

Question 16

Clearance

Answer 16

Formal security determination by an authorized adjudicative office that an individual has authorized access, on a need to know basis, to a specific level of
collateral classified information (TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL).

Question 17

Cleared Contractor (CC)

Answer 17

A person or facility operating under the National Industrial Security Program (NISP) that has had an administrative determination that they are eligible, from a security point of view, for access to classified information of a certain level (and all lower levels).

Question 18

Cleared Contractor Facility

Answer 18

Any industrial, educational, commercial facility, or other

entity that has been granted a facility security clearance under the U.S. NISP.

Question 19

Cleared Defense Contractor (CDC)

Answer 19

A subset of contractors cleared under the NISP who have contracts with the Department of Defense. Therefore, not all cleared contractors have contracts with DoD.

Question 20

Cleared Employee

Answer 20

A person who has been granted access to classified information, other than the President and Vice President, employed by, or detailed or assigned to, a
department or agency, including members of the Armed Forces; an expert or consultant to a department or agency; an industrial or commercial contractor, licensee, certificate holder, or grantee of a department or agency, including all subcontractors; a personal services contractor; or any other category of person who acts for or on behalf of a department or agency as determined by the appropriate department or agency head.

Question 21

Communications Security (COMSEC)

Answer 21

The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized persons’ information of value that might be derived from the possession and study of telecommunications or to mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the results of such possession and study.

Question 22

Compromise

Answer 22

An unauthorized disclosure of classified information.

Question 23

Contact

Answer 23

Any form of meeting, association, or communication in person by radio, telephone, letter, computer, or other means, regardless of who initiated the contact for social, official, private, or other reasons.

Question 24

Confidential

Answer 24

Confidential information is information or material of which unauthorized disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause damage to the national security that the Original Classification Authority (OCA) is able to identify or describe.

Question 25

Counterintelligence (CI)

Answer 25

Information gathered and activities conducted to identify,
deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage or other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations, or persons or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or activities.

Question 26

Countermeasure

Answer 26

The employment of devices or techniques that impair the operational effectiveness of enemy activity. Countermeasures may include anything that effectively negates an adversary’s ability to exploit vulnerabilities.

Question 27

Critical Program Information (CPI)

Answer 27

U.S. capability elements that contribute to the warfighters technical advantage, which if compromised, undermines U.S. military preeminence. U.S. capability elements may include, but are not limited to, software
algorithms and specific hardware residing on the system, its training equipment, or maintenance support equipment.

Question 28

Critical Technology

Answer 28

Technology or technologies essential to the design,
development, production, operation, application, or maintenance of an article or service that makes or could make a significant contribution to the military potential of any country, including the U.S.

Question 29

Damage Assessment

Answer 29

A determination of the effect of a compromise of classified information on national security.

Question 30

Declassification

Answer 30

The authorized change in the status of information from classified information to unclassified information.

Question 31

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

Answer 31

A Defense Agency that serves as the research and development (R&D) organization in DoD with a primary
responsibility of maintaining U.S. technological superiority over our adversaries.

Question 32

Defense Industrial Base (DIB)

Answer 32

The Department of Defense, government, and private sector worldwide industrial complex with capabilities to perform research and development and design, produce, and maintain military weapon systems,
subsystems, components, or parts to meet military requirements.

Question 33

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Answer 33

A cabinet department of the U.S. federal government. DHS has five missions: (1) Prevent terrorism and enhance security; (2) Secure and manage U.S. boarders; (3) Enforce and administer immigration laws; (4) Safeguard and secure cyberspace; and (5) Ensure resilience to disasters.

Question 34

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

Answer 34

A DoD agency and a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community responsible for providing timely, objective, and cogent military intelligence to warfighters, defense planners, and defense and national security policymakers.

Question 35

Defense Personnel Security Research Center (PERSEREC)

Answer 35

A DoD entity dedicated to improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness of the DoD personnel security
system.

Question 36

Deliberate Compromise

Answer 36

The act, attempt, or contemplation of intentionally conveying classified documents, information, or material to any unauthorized person, including public disclosure, or the intentional misuse or mishandling of classified information.

Question 37

Dual-use

Answer 37

Technology and articles that are potentially used either for commercial/civilian purposes or for military, defense, or defense-related purposes.

Question 38

Economic Espionage

Answer 38

The knowing misappropriation of trade secrets with the
knowledge or intent that the offense will benefit a foreign government, foreign instrumentality, or foreign agent. Misappropriation includes, but is not limited to, stealing, copying, altering, destroying, transmitting, sending, receiving, buying, possessing, or conspiring to obtain trade secrets without authorization.

Question 39

Economic Espionage Act (EEA)

Answer 39

The Economic Espionage Act of 1996 criminalizes two
forms of trade secret theft: 1) theft for the benefit of a foreign entity (economic espionage – 18 U.S. Code §1831) and 2) theft for pecuniary gain (theft of trade secrets – 18 U.S. Code §1832), commonly referred to as industrial espionage.

Question 40

Elicitation

Answer 40

In intelligence usage, the acquisition of information from a person or group in a manner that does not disclose the intent of the interview or conversation.

Question 41

Employee

Answer 41

For purposes of the National Insider Threat Policy, “employee” has the meaning provided in section 1.1(e) of EO 12968; specifically: a person, other than the
President and Vice President, employed by, detailed or assigned to, a department or agency, including members of the Armed Forces; an expert or consultant to a department or agency; an industrial or commercial contractor, licensee, certificate holder, or grantee of a department or agency, including all subcontractors; a personal services contractor; or
any other category of person who acts for or on behalf of a department or agency as determined by the appropriate department or agency head.

Question 42

Espionage

Answer 42

Espionage is a national security crime; specifically, it violates Title 18 USC, §§ 792-798 and Article 106a, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). Espionage
convictions require the transmittal of national defense information with intent to aid a foreign power or harm the U.S. However, even gathering, collecting, or losing national defense information can be prosecuted under Title 18.

Question 43

Espionage Indicators

Answer 43

Warning signs that an insider may be working for or is
susceptible to control by a Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE). These warning signs are the result of an insider’s actions, activities, and behaviors that may be indicative of potential espionage-related activity.

Question 44

Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI)

Answer 44

Key questions likely to be asked by adversary officials and intelligence systems about specific friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities, so they can obtain answers critical to their operational effectiveness.

Question 45

Executive Order 12333

Answer 45

Authorizes elements of the Intelligence Community to collect, retain, or disseminate information concerning U.S. persons only in accordance with procedures established by the head of the Intelligence Community element concerned or by the head of a department containing such element and approved by the Attorney General.

Question 46

Export Administration Regulations (EAR)

Answer 46

EAR-controlled items are those that can be

used both in military and other strategic uses and in commercial applications.

Question 47

Facility Security Officer (FSO)

Answer 47

The security officer for a cleared defense contractor
facility; the FSO supervises and directs security measures necessary for implementing requirements for classified information.

Question 48

FIVE EYES (FVEY)

Answer 48

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the US.

Question 49

Foreign Intelligence Entity (FIE)

Answer 49

Any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or governmental) that conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair US intelligence collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupt U.S. systems and programs.

Question 50

Foreign Intelligence Threat

Answer 50

The all-source intelligence threat posed by foreign

intelligence entities to U.S. interests.

Question 51

Foreign Interest

Answer 51

Any foreign government, agency of a foreign government, or representative of a foreign government; any form of business enterprise or legal entity organized, chartered or incorporated under the laws of any country other than the U.S. or its territories, and any person who is not a citizen or national of the U.S.

Question 52

Foreign Military Sales (FMS)

Answer 52

That portion of U.S. security assistance for sales
programs that require agreements/contracts between the U.S. Government and an authorized recipient government or international organization for defense articles and services to be provided to the recipient for current stocks or new procurements under DoD-managed contracts, regardless of the source of financing.

Question 53

Foreign Ownership, Control or Influence (FOCI)

Answer 53

A U.S. company is considered
under foreign ownership, control, or influence whenever a foreign interest has the
power, direct or indirect, whether or not exercised and whether or not exercisable through ownership of the U.S. company’s securities, by contractual arrangements or other means, to direct or decide matters affecting the management or operations of that company in a manner that may result in unauthorized access to classified information or may affect adversely the performance of classified matters.

Question 54

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Answer 54

The FBI has primary responsibility for CI investigations within the U.S. DoD.

Question 55

Foreign Visit

Answer 55

A foreign national enters or proposes to enter a DoD Component or cleared contractor facility or to meet with employees or representatives of the facility.

Question 56

FOUR EYES (ACGU)

Answer 56

Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, and the U.S.

Question 57

Front Company

Answer 57

A company or business entity that is established, used, or co-opted for an illicit purpose; wherein the management, control, influence, or criminal activities
are being directed by a hidden or disguised individual or group.

Question 58

Government-Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO)

Answer 58

A manufacturing plant that is owned by the government and operated by a civilian organization under contract to the government.

Question 59

Hacker

Answer 59

Unauthorized user who attempts to or gains access to an information system.

Question 60

Human Intelligence (HUMINT)

Answer 60

Human Intelligence uses people to gather information.

Question 61

Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)

Answer 61

Imagery Intelligence uses satellite imagery, photographs,

and other images to collect information.

Question 62

Industrial Espionage

Answer 62

The knowing misappropriation of trade secrets related to, or included in, a product that is made for or placed in interstate or foreign commerce to the economic benefit of anyone other than the owner, with the knowledge or intent that the offense will injure the owner of that trade secret.

Question 63

Information Security

Answer 63

The security discipline concerned with implementation of a system of administrative policies and procedures for identifying, controlling, and protecting from unauthorized disclosure information that is authorized protection by EO, statute, or regulation. Information security includes protection of classified, controlled unclassified, and sensitive compartmented information.

Question 64

Insider

Answer 64

Any person with authorized access to any U.S. Government resource, to include personnel, facilities, information, equipment, networks, or systems.

Question 65

Insider Threat (InT)

Answer 65

The threat that an insider will use their authorized access, wittingly or unwittingly, to do harm to the security of the U.S. This threat can include damage through espionage, terrorism, unauthorized disclosure of national security information, or through the loss or degradation of departmental resources or capabilities.

Question 66

Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 700

Answer 66

Establishes Intelligence Community policy for the protection of national intelligence and provides framework for greater coordination and communications between CI and security activities of the Intelligence Community to strengthen the ability to identify, deter, disrupt, mitigate, and counteract intelligence activities directed against U.S. interests by foreign powers or activities.

Question 67

Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 750

Answer 67

Establishes the baseline for CI programs across the Intelligence Community to create a strategic approach to CI that will enhance the national security posture of the U.S. The ICD 750 recommends CI to be functionally integrated with security programs per the ICD 700.