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PSYC 230 Final > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Research Design

A

The outline, plan, or strategy used to investigate the research problem

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2
Q

Weak Experimental Designs

A

Designs that do not control for may extraneous variables and provide weak evidence of cause and effect

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3
Q

One-Group Posttest-Only Design

A

Administration of a posttest to a single group of participants after they have been given an experimental treatment condition

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4
Q

One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

A

Design in which a treatment condition is interjected between a pretest and a posttest of the dependent variable

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5
Q

Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups

A

Design in which the performance of an experimental group is compared with that of a non equivalent control group at the posttest

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6
Q

RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)

A

Experimental design with random assignment to experimental and control groups

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7
Q

Counterfactual

A

What the experimental group participants’ responses would have been if they had not received the treatment

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8
Q

Strong Experimental Design

A

Design that effectively control extraneous variables and provide strong evidence of cause and effect

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9
Q

Between-Participants Designs

A

Groups are produced by random assignment, and the different groups are exposed to the different levels of the independent variable

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10
Q

Randomized Designs

A

Between-participants designs in which participants are randomly assigned to groups

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11
Q

Posttest-Only Control Group Design

A

Administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants that receive the different levels of the independent variable

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12
Q

Within-Participants Design

A

All participants receive all conditions (also called Repeated Measures Design)

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13
Q

Within-Participants Posttest Only Design

A

All participants receive all conditions, and a posttest is administered after each condition is administered

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14
Q

Between-Participants Variable

A

Type of independent variable where different participants receive different levels of the independent variable

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15
Q

Within-Participants Variable

A

Type of independent variable where all participants receive all levels of the independent variable

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16
Q

Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design

A

Administration of a posttest to two or more randomly assigned groups of participants after the groups have been presented and administered the different levels of the independent variable

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17
Q

Ceiling Effect

A

Situation where participants’ pretest scores on the dependent variable are too high to allow for additional increases

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18
Q

Floor Effect

A

Situation where participants’ pretest scores on the dependent variable are too low to allow for additional decreases

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19
Q

Analysis of Covariance

A

A statistical procedure in which group means are compared after adjusted for pretest differences

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20
Q

Factorial Design

A

Two or more independent variables are studied to determine their separate and joint effects on the dependent variable

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21
Q

Between-Subjects Independent Variable

A

Type of independent variable where different participants receive different levels of the independent variable

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22
Q

Cell

A

Combination of levels of two or more independent variables

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23
Q

Cell Mean

A

The average score of the participants in a single cell

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24
Q

Marginal Mean

A

The average score of all participants receiving one level of an independent variable

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25
Q

Main Effect

A

The influence of one independent variable on the dependent variable

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26
Q

Interaction Effect

A

When the effect of two or more IV’s on the DV is more complex than indicated by the main effects

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27
Q

Two-Way Interaction

A

The effect on one independent variable on the department variable varies with the different levels of the other independent variable

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28
Q

Within-Subjects Independent Variable

A

Type of independent variable where all participants receive all levels of the independent variable

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29
Q

Factorial Design Based on a Mixed Model

A

A factorial design that uses a combination of within-participants and between-participants independent variables

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30
Q

Three-Way Interaction

A

A two-way interaction that changes at the different levels of the third independent variable

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31
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

A research design in which an experimental procedure is applied but all extraneous variables are not controlled

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32
Q

Design Components

A

Structures and procedures used in constructing research designs

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33
Q

Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design

A

A quasi-experimental design in which the results obtained from nonequivalent experimental and control groups are compared

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34
Q

Increasing Control and Experimental Groups Effect

A

An outcome in which the experimental and the control groups differ at presenting and both increase from pre- to posttesting, but the experimental group increases at a faster rate

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35
Q

Selection-Maturation Effect

A

Participants in one group experience a different rate of maturation than participants in another group

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36
Q

Selection-History Effect

A

An extraneous event occurring between pretest and posttest influences participants in one group differently than participants in another group

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37
Q

Selection-Instrumentation Effect

A

Participants’ scores in one group are affected by the process of measurement differently than participants in another group

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38
Q

Selection-Attrition Effect

A

Participants that drop out of one group are dissimilar to those in another group

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39
Q

Selection-Regression Effect

A

Participants in one group display a different rate of regression to the mean that the participants in another group

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40
Q

Experimental-Group-Higher-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect

A

An outcome in which the experimental performs better than the control group at pretesting, and only the experimental group’s scores change from pre- to posttesting

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41
Q

Experimental-Group-Lower-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect

A

An outcome in which the control group performs better than the experimental group at pretesting, but only the experimental group improves from pre- to posttesting

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42
Q

Crossover Effect

A

An outcome in which the control group performs better at pretesting but the experimental group performs better at posttesting

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43
Q

Interrupted Time-Series Design

A

A quasi-experimental design in which a treatment effect is assessed by comparing the pattern of pre- and posttest scores for a single group of research participants

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44
Q

Regression Discontinuity Design

A

A design that assigns participants to groups based on their scores on an assignment variable and assesses the effect of a treatment by looking for a discontinuity in the groups regression lines

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45
Q

Assignment Measure

A

Measure used to assign participants to experimental and control groups. Those with scores below the cutoff score are assigned to one group, and those with scores above the cutoff are assigned to the other group

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46
Q

Qualitative Research

A

The type of research relying on qualitative research data

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47
Q

Mixed Methods Research

A

Type of research in which quantitative and qualitative data or approaches are combined in a single study

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48
Q

Researcher Bias

A

Only noticing data that support one’s prior expectations

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49
Q

Reflexivity

A

Thinking critically about one’s interceptions and biases

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50
Q

Negative-Case Sampling

A

Searching of cases that challenge one’s expectations or one’s current findings

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51
Q

Descriptive Validity

A

The factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher

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52
Q

Investigator Triangulation

A

Use of multiple investigators to collect and interpret the data

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53
Q

Interpretive Validity

A

Accurately portraying the participants’ subjective viewpoints and meanings

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54
Q

Participant Feedback

A

Member checking to see if participants agree with the researcher’s statements, interpretations, and conclusions

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55
Q

Low-Inference Descriptors

A

Descriptions that are very close to participants’ words or are direct verbatim quotes

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56
Q

Theoretical Validity

A

Degree to which the theory or explanation fits the data

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57
Q

Extended Fieldwork

A

Spending enough time in the field to fully understand what is being studied

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58
Q

Theory Triangulation

A

The use of multiple theories or perspectives to aid in interpreting the data

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59
Q

Pattern Matching

A

Constructing and testing of a complex hypothesis

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60
Q

Peer Review

A

Discussing your interpretations with one’s peers and colleagues

61
Q

Idiographic Causation

A

An action for a particular person in a local situation with an observable result

62
Q

Nomological Causation

A

The standard view of causation in science; refers to causal relationships among variables

63
Q

Researcher-as-Detective

A

Metaphor applied to researcher looking for the local cause of a single event

64
Q

Methods Triangulation

A

Use of multiple research methods or methods of data collection

65
Q

Data Triangulation

A

Use of multiple sources of data

66
Q

Naturalistic Generalization

A

Generalization based on similarity, made by the reader of a research report

67
Q

Theoretical Generalization

A

Generalization of a theoretical explanation beyond that particular research study

68
Q

Phenomenology

A

Qualitative research method where the researcher attempts to understand and describe how one or more participants experience a phenomenon

69
Q

Ethnography

A

Qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group

70
Q

Holism

A

Idea that a whole, such as a culture, is more than the sum of its individual parts

71
Q

Emic Perspective

A

The insider’s perspective

72
Q

Etic Perspective

A

The researcher’s external or “objective outsider” perspective

73
Q

Participant Observation

A

Data collection method in which the researcher becomes an active participant in the group being investigated

74
Q

Reactive Effect

A

Nontypical behavior of participants because of the presence of the researcher

75
Q

Case Study

A

Qualitative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases

76
Q

Intrinsic Case Study

A

Case study in which the researcher is only interested in understanding the individual case

77
Q

Instrumental Case Study

A

Case study in which the researcher studies a case in order to understand something more general than the particular case

78
Q

Collective Case Study

A

Study of multiple cases for the purpose of comparison

79
Q

Cross-Case Study

A

Case study analysis in which cases are compared and contrasted

80
Q

Grounded Theory

A

Methodology for generating and developing a theory that is grounded in the particular data

81
Q

Inside-Outside Validity

A

Present when the researcher provides both the insider and objective outsider perspectives

82
Q

Weakness Minimization Validity

A

Present when the researcher compensates for the weakness of one approach through the use of an additional approach

83
Q

Sequential Validity

A

Making sure that the ordering of quantitative and qualitative components in a sequential design does not bias the results

84
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

The type of statistical analysis focused on describing, summarizing, or explaining a data set

85
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

The type of statistical analysis focused on making inferences about populations based on sample data

86
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

Data arrangement in which the frequencies of each unique data value is shown

87
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

Numerical value expressing what is typical pf the values of a quantitative variable

88
Q

Measure of Variability

A

Numerical value expressing how spread out or how much variation is present in the values of a quantitative variable

89
Q

Variance

A

The average deviation of data values from their mean in squared units

90
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The square root of the variance

91
Q

Z Score

A

A score that has been transformed into standard deviation units

92
Q

Unstandardized Difference Between Means

A

The difference between two means in the variables’ natural units

93
Q

Cohen’s d

A

The difference between two means in standard deviation units
Mean Difference M1 - M2
d= —————————- = ————
Standard Deviation SD

94
Q

Effect Size Indicator

A

Index of magnitude or strength of relationship or difference between means

95
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Index indicating the strength and direction of linear relationship between two quantitative variables

96
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Correlation in which values of two variables tend to move in opposite directions

97
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Correlation in which values of two variables tend to more in the same direction

98
Q

Curvilinear Relationship

A

A nonlinear relationship between two quantitative variables

99
Q

Curvilinear Regression

A

The type of regression analysis that can accurately model curved relationships

100
Q

Partial Correlation Coefficient

A

The correlation between two quantitative variables controlling for one or more variables

101
Q

Regression Analysis

A

Use of one or more quantitative independent variables to explain or predict the values of a single quantitative dependent variable

102
Q

Simple Regression

A

Regression analysis with one dependent variable and one independent variable

103
Q

Multiple Regression

A

Regression analysis with one dependent variable and two or more independent variables

104
Q

Regression Equation

A

The equation that defines a regression line

105
Q

Regression Line

A

The line of “best fit” based on a regression equation

106
Q

Regression Coefficient

A

The slope or change in Y given a one unit change in X

107
Q

Partial Regression Coefficient

A

The regression coefficient in a multiple regression equation

108
Q

Contingency Table

A

Table used to examine the relationship between categorical variables

109
Q

Rates

A

The percentage of people in a group that have a particular characteristic

110
Q

Sampling Distribution

A

The theoretical probability distribution of the values of a statistic that would result if you selected all possible samples of a particular size from a population

111
Q

Sampling Distribution of the Mean

A

The theoretical probability distribution of the means of all possible samples of a particular size selected from o population

112
Q

Standard Error

A

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution

113
Q

Test Statistic

A

A statistic that follows a known sampling distribution and is used in significance testing

114
Q

Confidence Interval

A

An interval estimate inferred from sample data that has a sample data that has a certain probability of including the true population parameter

115
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

The process of testing a predicted relationship or hypothesis by making observations and then comparing the observed facts with the hypothesis or predicted relationship; the branch of inferential statistics focused on determining when the null hypothesis can or cannot be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis

116
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Typically the hypothesis of no difference between means or no relationship in the population

117
Q

Alternative Hypothesis

A

The logical opposite of the null hypothesis

118
Q

Alpha Level

A

The point at which one would reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis (usually 0.05)

119
Q

Independent Samples t Test

A

The significance test of the difference between two means that uses the t probability distribution

120
Q

Probability Value (p value)

A

The likelihood of the observed value (or a more extreme value) of a statistic, if the null hypothesis were true

121
Q

Statistically Significant

A

Conclusion that an observed finding would be very unlikely if the null hypothesis were true

122
Q

Statistical Power

A

The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false

123
Q

Type I Error

A

Rejection of a true null hypothesis; False positive

124
Q

Type II Error

A

Failure to reject a false null hypothesis; False negative

125
Q

t Test for Correlation Coefficient

A

Statistical test used to determine if a correlation coefficient is statistically significant

126
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

The number of values that are “free to vary”; it’s used when computing a statistic to be used in inferential statistics

127
Q

One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A

Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV and one categorical IV

128
Q

Post Hoc Tests

A

Follow-up test to one-way ANOVA when the categorical IV has three or more levels; used to determine which pairs of means are significantly different

129
Q

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

A

Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV ad a mixture of categorical and quantitative IV

130
Q

Two-Way Analysis of Variance (Two-Way ANOVA)

A

Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV and two categorical IVs

131
Q

One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA)

A

Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV and one repeated measures IV

132
Q

t Test for Regression Coefficients

A

Statistical test used to determine if a regression coefficient is statistically significant

133
Q

Semi-Partial Correlation Squared

A

The amount of variance in the dependent variable uniquely explained by a single quantitative independent variable

134
Q

Chi-Squared Test

A

Statistical test used to determine if a relationship observed in a contingency table is statistically significant

135
Q

Research Ethics

A

A set of guidelines to assist the researcher in conducting ethical research

136
Q

Research Misconduct

A

Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results

137
Q

Ethical Dilemma

A

The investigator’s conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project

138
Q

Beneficence

A

Acting for the benefit of others

139
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

Do no harm to others

140
Q

Informed Consent

A

Informing the research participant of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her willingness to volunteer to participate

141
Q

Assent

A

Agreement from a minor to participate in research after receiving an age-appropriate explanation of the study

142
Q

Active Consent

A

Verbally agreeing and signing a form consenting to participate in research

143
Q

Passive Consent

A

Consent is received from a parent or guardian by not returning the consent form

144
Q

Active Deception

A

Deliberately misleading research participants by giving them false information

145
Q

Passive Deception

A

Withholding information from the research participants by not giving them all the details of the experiment

146
Q

Debriefing

A

A post experimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception

147
Q

Dehoaxing

A

Debriefing the participants about any deception that was used in the experiment

148
Q

Desensitizing

A

Eliminating any undesirable influence that the experiment might have had on the participant

PSYC 230 Final (3 decks)

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