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PSYC 230 Final > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Weak Research Designs

A

One-group posttest only
One-group pretest posttest design
Posttest only design with nonequivalent groups

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2
Q

What makes a research design weak?

A

Lack of a control group that can be used as a comparison and lack of control of many extraneous variables

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3
Q

Strong Research Designs

A

Posttest-only control-group design

Pretest-posttest control-group design

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4
Q

Strengths of a within participants design

A
  • Participants act as their own control group
  • All participants are in all conditions
  • Requires less participants
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5
Q

Weaknesses of a within participants design

A
  • Participants have to go through various tests

- Possible sequencing effects

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6
Q

Matching

A

Using any of a variety of techniques for equating participants on one or more variables

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7
Q

Yoked-Control

A

A research design used in operant conditioning experiments in which matched research subjects are yoked (joined together) by receiving the same reinforcement but with different contingencies

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8
Q

Sequencing Effects

A

Potential confounding influences in experiments where subjects are exposed to multiple conditions

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9
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A technique used to control sequencing effects

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10
Q

Factorial Design and Interactions

A

A statistical analysis procedure used to determine their separate and joint effects on the DV

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11
Q

Double-Blind

A

Neither the experimenter nor the research participant is aware of the treatment condition administered to the participant

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12
Q

Partial Blind

A

A method whereby knowledge of each researcher’s treatment conditions is kept from the experimenter through as many stages of the experiment as possible

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13
Q

Time-Series

A

A time series is a series of data points indexed in time order

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14
Q

Regression Discontinuity

A

A design that assigns participants to groups based on their scores on an assignment variable and assesses the effect of a treatment by looking for a discontinuity in the groups regression line

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15
Q

Single-Case Design

A

Research design in which a single participant or single group of individuals is used to investigate the influence of a treatment condition

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16
Q

Baselines

A

The target behavior of the participant in its naturally occurring state or prior to presentation of the treatment

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17
Q

ABA Design

A

A single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to the baseline responses recorded before and after treatment

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18
Q

ABAB Design

A

A single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to the baseline responses recorded before and after treatment (Reintroduction of the treatment)

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19
Q

Multiple Baseline Design

A

A single-case design in which the treatment condition is successively administered to several target participants, target outcomes, or target settings

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20
Q

Changing Criterion Design

A

An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradual changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment

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21
Q

Central Tendency

A

A central or typical value for a probability distribution

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22
Q

Sampling Distributions

A

The theoretical probability distribution of the values of a statistic that would result if you selected all possible samples of a particular size from a population

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23
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

The branch of inferential statistics focused on determining when the null hypothesis can or cannot be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis

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24
Q

Correlations

A

Indication of the strength and direction of linear relationship between two quantitative variables

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25
Q

Partial Correlations

A

The correlation between two quantitative variables controlling one or more variables

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26
Q

Confidence Intervals

A

An interval estimate inferred from sample data that has a certain probability of including the true population perameter

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27
Q

Post Hoc Tests

A

Follow-up tests to one-way ANOVA when that categorical IV has three or more levels; used to determine which parts of the means are statistically different

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28
Q

Parametric

A

A numerical characteristic of a population

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29
Q

Chi-Square

A

Statistical test used to determine if a relationship observed in a contingency table is statistically significant

30
Q

Two-Way ANOVA

A

Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV and two categorical IVs

31
Q

Effect Size

A

The magnitude of the relationship between two variables in a population

32
Q

Power

A

The probability of rejecting a false-null hypothesis

33
Q

Type I Error

A

Rejection of a true null hypothesis; false positive

34
Q

Type II Error

A

Failure to reject a false null hypothesis; false negative

35
Q

Descriptive Validity

A

The factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher

36
Q

Theoretical Validity

A

Degree to which the theory or explanation fits the data

37
Q

Interpretive Validity

A

Accurately portraying the participants’ subjective viewpoints and meanings

38
Q

Internal Validity

A

The correctness of inferences made by researchers about cause and effect

39
Q

Phenomenology

A

Qualitative research method where the researcher attempts to understand and describe how one ore more participants experiment a phenomenon

40
Q

Case-Study

A

Qualitative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases

41
Q

Ethnography

A

Qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group of people

42
Q

Mixed-Methods Design

A

Type of research quantitative and qualitative data or approaches are combined in a single research study

43
Q

Research Misconduct

A

Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results

44
Q

Ethical Dilemma

A

The investigator’s conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project

45
Q

IRB

A

Institutional Review Board

46
Q

Informed Consent

A

Informing the research participant of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her willingness to volunteer or participate

47
Q

Deception

A

Giving the participant a bogus rational for the experiment

48
Q

Debriefing

A

A post experimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including explanation for the use of any deception

49
Q

Coercion

A

The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats

50
Q

Replication

A

The replication of the results of a study in a new study

51
Q

Levels of Measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

52
Q

Convergent/Concurrent Validity

A

Degree to which test scores obtained at one time correctly relate to the scores on a known criterion obtained at approximately the same time

53
Q

Criterion Validity

A

The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome

54
Q

Discriminant Validity

A

Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores do not correlate with measures of different constructs

55
Q

Predictive Validity

A

Degree to which scores obtained at one time correctly predict the scores on a criterion at a later time

56
Q

Face Validity

A

Judgement of whether the items appear to represent the construct and whether the test or instrument looks valid

57
Q

Content Validity

A

The extent to which items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct

58
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which a construct is adequately represented by the measures used in a research study

59
Q

External Validity

A

Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across other people, settings, treatments, outcomes, and times

60
Q

Ecological Validity

A

The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across settings or environmental conditions

61
Q

Population Validity

A

Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across the people in the target population

62
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Any cues available in an experiment, such as instructions, rumors, or setting characteristics, that influence the responses of participants

63
Q

Experimenter Effects

A

Actions and characteristics of researchers that influence the responses of participants

64
Q

History Effects

A

Any event that can produce an outcome, other than the treatment condition, that occurs during the study before posttest measurement

65
Q

Maturation Effects

A

Any physical or mental change that occurs with the passage of time and effects dependent variable scores

66
Q

Attrition

A

Loss of participants because they don’t show up or they drop out of the research study

67
Q

Testing/Practice Effects

A

Changes in a person’s score on the second administration of a test resulting from having previously practiced or taken the test

68
Q

Regression Artifacts

A

Effects that appear to be due to the treatment but are due to regression to the mean

69
Q

Confounding Variables

A

An extraneous variable that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher’s ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV

70
Q

Moderators

A

Variable that changes or “moderates” the relationship between other variables

71
Q

Mediators

A

Variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it’s an intervening variable

PSYC 230 Final (3 decks)

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