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FM1 > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency to maintain internal stability by coordinated responses that compensate for environmental changes

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2
Q

cell adaptation

A

occurs as a result of chronic stimulation by relatively low-level stress. days to weeks

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3
Q

cell injury

A

individual cell alteration

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4
Q

metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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5
Q

hyaline change

A

a descriptive term meaning “smooth and glossy”

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6
Q

anthracosis

A

black discoloration of the lung tissue and its draining lymph nodes from inhaled carbon

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7
Q

caspase

A

cysteine proteases that exist as pro-enzymes and are activated when cleaved

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8
Q

necrosis

A

a form of cell death associated with damage from an external source that overwhelms the cell’s ability to survive. ALWAYS pathologic

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9
Q

coagulative necrosis

A

architecture of dead tissue is preserved, presumably because proteolytic enzymes are denatured. This pattern is associated with ischemia

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10
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

Dead cells are completely digested leaving only viscous liquid. Often associated with bacterial and fungal infection as well as hypoxic tissue damage in the CNS.

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11
Q

fat necrosis

A

areas of fat destruction in which fatty acid products combine with calcium to produce chalky-white areas (saponification). Associated w/ pancreatitis and leakage of pacreatic lipase into adjacent tissues

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12
Q

caseous necrosis

A

dead tissue is transformed to a “cheesy” granular material. Ass. w/ TB infection

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13
Q

pyknosis

A

small, dark chromatin in apoptosis due to chromatin condensation and cleavage into fragments (also in irreversible necrotic cell death)

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14
Q

karyorrhexis

A

chromatin fragmentation (seen in nucleus in irreversible necrotic cell death)

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15
Q

karyolysis

A

fading of chromatin in nucleus (irreversible necrotic cell death)

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16
Q

free radical

A

molecules w/ single unpaired electron in outer orbit rendering highly reactive w/ other molecules.

17
Q

reactive oxygen species

A

oxygen derived free radicals that are degraded and removed by cell defense mechanisms

18
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

deposition of calcium salts in dying tissues. membrane damage initiates calcium concentration in cellular vesicles. ass. w/ necrosis, atherosclerosis, aging/damaged heart valves.

19
Q

metastatic calcification

A

occurs when increased serum calcium and happens in otherwise normal tissue. Appears same as dystrophic calcium

20
Q

edema

A

increased fluid in tissue interstitial spaces

21
Q

effusion

A

hydrothorax. fluid builds up around the lungs

22
Q

ascites

A

hydroperitoneum. accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. causes abdominal swelling

23
Q

anasarca

A

severe generalized “whole body” edema with diffuse subcutaneous swelling

24
Q

exudate

A

water and proteins both leak from vessels

25
Q

transudate

A

only fluid is leaking from cells from either increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure

26
Q

chronic passive congestion

A

longstanding congestion (backup of blood) w/ resulting hypoxia and cellular/tissue degeneration.

27
Q

heart failure cells

A

hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveoli and pulmonary interstitial spaces. find these due to chronic pulmonary congestion due to heart failure.

28
Q

nutmeg liver

A

backup of blood in right heart -> IVC -> liver. Causes dilation of central vein and pattern of congestion in liver. Resembles cut surface of nutmeg

29
Q

hematoma

A

blood accumulation in a space or tissue

30
Q

contusion

A

a wound in which the skin is not broken often having broken blood vessels and discoloration

31
Q

ecchymosis

A

The skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels.

32
Q

petechiae

A

small (1-2 mm) punctate hemorrhages seen on skin or mucosal surfaces. Due to low platelets

33
Q

purpura

A

slightly larger (>3 mm) hemorrhages due to low platelets

34
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that forms in a vein

35
Q

embolus

A

an intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is detached from the vascular wall and is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

36
Q

thromboembolus

A

an embolus made up of thrombosed blood (the majority of emboli)

37
Q

saddle embolus

A

form of large pulmonary thromboembolus that straddles the main pulmonary trunk bifurcation

38
Q

paradoxical embolus

A

a venous thromboembolus passing through an atrial or ventricular heart defect to lodge in the systemic arterial system

FM1 (6 decks)

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