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FM1 > Pharm Block 2 Description > Flashcards

Pharm Block 2 Description Flashcards

1
Q

Prednisone

A

Immunosuppressive oral corticosteroid

Autoimmune disorders
Allograft rejection
Asthma 
Inflammatory bowel disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Other inflammatory states
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2
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Immunosuppressive cyclic peptide produced by Beauveria nivea fungus

Glucocorticoid

Prevent organ rejection after transplant
Tx for rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriasis
Inflammatory bowel disease

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3
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Immunosuppressive from fungus Streptomyces tsukubaensis

Glucocorticoid

Prevent organ rejection after transplant
Psoriasis
Atopic dermatitis

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4
Q

Sirolimus

A

Macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Glucocorticoid

Prevent rejection after RENAL TRANSPLANT (not recommended for liver or lung transplants)

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5
Q

Azathioprine

A

Purine Synthesis Inhibitor

Cytotoxic antimetabolite-class agent; prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Prevent rejection of kidney transplants
Reduce symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease

6-MP is used as antileukemia agent

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6
Q

Mycophenolate mofetil

A

Purine Synthesis Inhibitor

Prodrug; semisynthetic derivative of mycophenolic acid obtained from Penicillium species

Used concomitantly with or as an alternative to cyclosporine or tacrolimus to prevent organ rejection after renal, cardiac, or liver transplants
Mycophenolate mofetil + cyclosporine + corticosteroid

Less bone marrow suppression than azathioprine

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7
Q

Muromonab-CD3

A

Murine monoclonal antibody directed against CD3 on T cells

Block acute rejection of heart, liver, kidney transplants and to deplete T cells from donor bone marrow prior to transplantation

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8
Q

Basiliximab

A

“Nondepleting” immunosuppressive agent

Anti-CD25 antibody: recombinant human-mouse IgG vs. IL-2 receptor-CD25 complex

Used for prophylaxis of acute rejection following kidney transplant, combined with cyclosporine and a glucocorticoid

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9
Q

Adalimumab

A

Fully humanized monoclonal antibody

Immunosuppressie human IgG vs. TNF-alpha

Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease
Ankylosing spondylitis
Psoriasis

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10
Q

Carbachol

A

Cholinergic Agonist

Synthetic carbamoyl ester of choline

Obtaining miosis during surgery
Reducing IOP elevation in the initial 24 hr following cataract surgery

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11
Q

Methacholine

A

Cholinergic Agonist

Synthetic acetylcholine analog

Diagnosis of airway hyperreactivity

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12
Q

Bethanechol

A

Cholinergic Agonist

Synthetic acetylcholine analog

DOC for promoting GI and urinary bladder motility for postoperative and postpartum ileus or gastroparesis and nonobstructive urinary retention
Neurogenic atony of the urinary bladder

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13
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Cholinergic Agonist

Plant alkaloid from Pilocarpus microphyllus

Active on sweat and salivary glands and eyes

Xerostomia caused by Sjogrens syndrome
Salivary gland dysfunction
Miosis induction
Postop and following opthalmic examination
Second-line for chronic open-angle glaucoma

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14
Q

Nicotine

A

Cholinergic Agonist

Plant alkaloid from Nicotiana tabacum

Help smokers quit

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15
Q

Varenicline

A

Cholinergic Antagonist (partial agonist)

Smoking cessation

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16
Q

Physostigmine

A

Cholinesterase Agent

Carbamoyl ester-class parenteral and opthalmic AChE inhibitor

DOC to counteract toxic anticholinergic effects of other drugs
Second-line TX of glaucoma

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17
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinesterase Agent

Carbamoyl ester-class peripheral AChE inhibitor

TX of myasthenia gravis, postop reversal of neuromuscular blockade, postoperative ileus

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18
Q

Edrophonium

A

Cholinesterase Agent

Rapid-acting, short-duration, parenteral AChE inhibitor

DOC for diagnosing myasthenia gravis
Assessing AChE inhibitor therapy
Reversing effects of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers after surgery
Postoperative ileus

Not useful for TX of myasthenia gravis due to short duration of action

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19
Q

Echothiophate

A

Cholinesterase Agent

Second-line TX for chronic open-angle glaucoma

Stable in aqueous solutions

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20
Q

Pralidoxime

A

Cholinesterase Agent

Reverses AChE inhibition produced by organophosphates

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21
Q

Atropine

A

Cholinergic Antagonist

Most commonly used systemically to treat bradycardia
Preoperative agent to reduce secretions
Mydriatic for opthalmic examination

Antidote for AChE inhibitor poisoning or muscarinic agonist poisoning

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22
Q

Oxybutynin

A

Cholinergic Antagonist

Bladder muscle relaxant; antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle

Treat urge incontinence in neurogenic bladder

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23
Q

Ipratropium

A

Cholinergic Antagonist

Acute asthmatic episode
First-line therapy in COPD once symptoms are present

Additive with beta2 agonists

Formulated with albuterol

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24
Q

Mecamylamine

A

Classic ganglionic blocker used to treat moderate hypertension

Promise in Tourette’s tx and nicotine withdrawal

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25
Q

Epinephrine

A

Endogenous catecholamine synthesized in adrenal medulla (crazy potent vasopressor)

Tx for acute bronchospasm, asthma
DOC for anaphylaxis
Often combined with local anesthetic to prolong anesthetic duration of action

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26
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha-Adrenergic Agonist

Synthetic sympathomimetic amine commonly used PO or intranasally for nasal congestion

Topically applied to eye to induce mydriasis

Diagnostic aid in opthalmology

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27
Q

Clonidine

A

Alpha-Adrenergic Agonist

Antihypertensive agent and epidural agent for opioid-refractory cancer pain

TX of hypertension
ADHD, opioid and nicotine withdrawal, vascular headaches, Tourette’s

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28
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Beta-Adrenergic Agonist

Norepinephrine analog
Improve AV conduction during heart block
Cardiac stimulant in cardiac arrest

Acute bronchospasm, asthma, COPD

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29
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta-Adrenergic Agonist

IV inotrope used for acute heart failure

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30
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta-Adrenergic Agonist

Short-acting bronchodilator
Management of acute asthmatic episodes or COPD

31
Q

Salmeterol

A

Beta-Adrenergic Agonist

Long-lasting bronchodilator for long-term prophylactic tx of asthma
Prevention of bronchospasm in adults with reversible COPD

Formulated with fluticasone

Delayed onset; never used to treat acute attack

32
Q

Phentolamine

A

Alpha-adrenergic Antagonist

Short-acting alpha antagonist

Prevent hypertensive episodes that may occur in patient with pheochromocytoma as result of manipulation during surgical excision
Prevent dermal necrosis following extravasation of alpha agonists

33
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Alpha-adrenergic Antagonist

TX of sweating and hypertension associated with phenochromocytoma

TX for urinary symptoms of BPH and certain peripheral vasospastic conditions like acrocyanosis, Raynaud’s, and frostbite

34
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha-adrenergic Antagonist

Oral agent used to treat hypertension
Off-label to treat BPH

35
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Alpha-adrenergic Antagonist

Potent oral agent for BPH

36
Q

Yohimbine

A

Alpha-adrenergic Antagonist

Erectile dysfunction for men who cannot tolerate PDE5

From bark of Rubiaceae trees

37
Q

Carvedilol

A

Mixed adrenergic receptor blocker used for TX of mild-to-severe chronic heart failure

Alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics, to manage essential hypertension

38
Q

Propranolol

A

Prototype of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists

TX for hypertension, angina, tachycardia, acute MI, prophylaxis of MI, prophylaxis of migraine, anxiety, agitation, panic attack

39
Q

Timolol

A

Beta-adrenergic antagonist

First-line TX for open-angle glaucoma

40
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta-adrenergic antagonist

TX of angina, hypertension, migraine, MI, tremor

Increasingly used for heart failure management

41
Q

Pindolol

A

Beta-adrenergic antagonist (partial agonist)

Beta blocker with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)

TX of hypertension
Useful in heart failure, heart block, bronchospasm when maintenance of adequate sympathetic tone is desirable

42
Q

Alpha-Methyltyrosine

A

Tyrosine analog
TX of pheochromocytoma
Preop preparation of patients for surgery, management of patients when surgery is contraindicated, chronic tx

43
Q

Alpha-Methyldopa

A

Centrally acting antihypertensive agent
Second-line antihypertensive but a DOC during pregnancy

TX of pheochromocytoma: Preop preparation of patients for surgery, management of patients when surgery is contraindicated, chronic tx

44
Q

Reserpine

A

Alkaloid

Not used much anymore for antihypertensive because CNS effects and depression

45
Q

Botulinum Toxin A

A

Neuromuscular blocker produced by Clostridium botulinum

Removal of wrinkles, axillary hyperhidrosis, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, stabismus

46
Q

Amphetamine

A

Prototype stimulant, potent CNS stimulant

Combination of amphetamine isomers in 3:1 ratio

ADHD (first-line), narcolepsy
Off-label for obesity

47
Q

Cocaine

A

Alkaloid

Topical anesthetic applied to mucosal membranes

Uniquely produces vasoconstriction + anesthesia

48
Q

Paroxetine

A

SSRI: 3rd generation, nonTCA antidepressant drug

TX major depression, major anxiety syndromes, OCD, PTSD

Off-label: premature ejaculation and hot flashes

49
Q

Atomoxetine

A

Nonstimulant for ADHD

Black Box warning for suicidal ideation

Minimal peripheral effects

50
Q

Phenelzine

A

2nd-line TX for depression for patients who are unresponsive to newer medications

Effective in refractory anxiety disorders, OCD, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder

51
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Alkylating agent

Most widely-used nitrogen mustard

Lymphomas, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, bone cancer, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia

52
Q

Temozolomide

A

Alkylating agent

DNA-methylating agent used for glioblastomas, astrocytomas, melanomas

53
Q

Carboplatin

A

Miscellaneous DNA-damaging agent

Platinum-based vs. many solid tumors

Cancer of testes, esophagus, stomach, bladder, lung, ovaries, head, neck

54
Q

Bleomycin

A

Miscellaneous DNA-damaging agent

Mix of 2 small copper-chelating peptides, bleomycins A2 and B2, isolated from Streptomyces verticillus

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s, testicular carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or head, neck, cervix, uvula

55
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Miscellaneous DNA-damaging agent

Isolated from Streptomyces peucetius

One of most active anticancer agents

Broad antitumor activity

56
Q

5-Fluorouracil

A

Antimetabolite

Cancers of colon, rectum, breast, stomach, pancreas

57
Q

Gemcitabine

A

Difluorodeoxycytidine antimetabolite

Cancers of GI, lung, breast, uterus, ovary, bladder, non-Hodgkin’s

58
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antimetabolite

Leukemias, lymphomas, cancers of head, neck, lung, breast

Immunosuppressive: widely used for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis

59
Q

Vincristine

A

Antimitotic

Spindle poison

Alkaloid from Catharathus rosea (periwinkle plant)

Solid tumors, lymphomas, leukemias, rhadomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, brain tumors, nephroblastoma

60
Q

Paclitaxel

A

Antimitotic

Spindle poison

Ovarian, breast, lung, GI, urogenital, head and neck cancers

61
Q

Etoposide

A

Topoisomerase inhibitor

Lung and testicular cancers, lymphomas, nonlymphocytic leukemia, Kaposi sarcoma

62
Q

Irinotecan

A

Topoisomerase inhibitor

Colorectal, ovarian, lung, pancreatic cancers, refractory lymphoma, malignant gliomas

63
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Monoclonal Antibody

Recombinant humanized IgG

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell expression system

Colorectal, non-small cell lung, breast, kidney cancers, glioblastoma

64
Q

Cetuximab

A

Monoclonal Antibody

Genetically engineered human-mouse fusion IgG directed against EGF receptor

TX of EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal, head, and neck cancers

65
Q

Rituximab

A

Monoclonal Antibody

Genetically engineered human-mouse IgG produced by CHO cells

TX of relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Used as adjunct in combination regimens

66
Q

Trastuzumab

A

Monoclonal Antibody

Genetically engineered humanized antibody against human EGFR (HER2neu)

HER2/neu overexpressed in 30% breast cancers, PX candidates are screened for phenotype

67
Q

Temsirolimus

A

mTOR inhibitor

Macrocyclic lactone produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus

Renal cancer (only approved regiment as of now)

68
Q

Erlontinib

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

Oral, selective EGFR inhibitor

Non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer

69
Q

Imatinib

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

Chronic myelogenous leukemia, GI stromal tumors, cancers with certain tyrosine kinases constitutively active (c-kit, PDGF)

70
Q

Sunitinib

A

Multiple Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

Orally active

Renal cell cancers, GI stromal cell tumors, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

71
Q

Dantrolene

A

Given orally to treat severe spasticity from spinal cord injury, stroke, cerebral palsy, & multiple sclerosis

Given intravenously to treat malignant hyperthermia

72
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocker

Cholinergic agonist

73
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocker

Not hydrolyzed by AChE

FM1 (6 decks)

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