Vocab Flashcards
Organ
Anatomical unit with multiple functions
Organ system
Group of organs that function together
Surface anatomy
General form and superficial markings
Regional anatomy
Structure of the major organ systems
Developmental anatomy
Considers the similarities and relationships in anatomical organization of different animals
Homeostasis
The body’s internal environment is relatively stable
Organisms requirements
- Responsiveness
- Differentiation/growth
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Movement
3 sectional planes
Frontal, Sagittal, transverse
Serial reconstruction
Important for studying histological structure and analyzing images produced by radiological procedures
Body Cavities
Protect delicate organs and permit changes in size of organs
Diaphragm
Separates the superior thoracic cavity from the inferior abdominopelvic cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity contains the
peritoneal cavity which is lined by the peritoneal. Many digestive organs are supported and stabilized by mesenteries.
The abdominal cavity extends from
the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary line drawn from the inferior surface of the most inferior spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margin of pelvic girdle. Inferior to this is the pelvic cavity
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities contain
Narrow fluid filled spaces lined by serous membrane. The thoracic cavity contains 2 pleural cavities separated by the mediastinum
The mediastinum contains the
Thymus, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, and pericardial cavity.
Pleura
The membrane lining the plural cavities
Serous pericardium
The membrane lining the pericardial cavity
Epithelium
Is an avascular sheet of cells that forms a surface, lining, or covering
Tissues
Collections specialized cells that are organized to preform a number of functions
Exocrine secretions
Are discharged through ducts to the exterior
Endocrine secretions
Aka hormone, are released by gland cells into the interstitial fluid
Eccrine
Exocytosis
Connective tissue proper
Refers to all tissues that contain varied cell populations and fiber types suspended in a viscous ground substance
Fluid connective tissue
Have distinctive population of cells suspended in watery ground substance containing dissolved proteins.
Supporting connective tissues
Have less diverse cell population than proper, and have a dense matrix that contains fibers.
Matrix of cartilage is
Firm gel that contains chondroitin sulfates. It is produced my immature cells called chondroblasts and maintained by chondrocytes.
Bone
Has matrix of collagen fibers and and calcium salts
Membranes
Form a barrier or interface
All connective tissues are
Derived from embryonic mesenchyme
Muscle tissue consists primarily
of cells that are specialized for contraction
Nervous tissue is
specialized to conduct electrical impulses from one area of the body to another
Dendrites receive
incoming messages and axons conduct messages towards other cells
Sebaceous glands
discharge a waxy oily secretion into hair follicles
Apocrine sweat glands produce
an odorous secretion
Eccrine sweat glands produce
a thin watery secretion known as sensible perspiration or sweat
Osseous tissue is
a supporting connective tissue with specialized cells and a sold, extracellular matrix of protein fibers and a ground substance.
Osteocytes are
mature bone cells that are completely surrounded by hard bone matrix. Osteocytes reside in lacunae.
Osteoblasts are
bone-forming cells, which through osteogenesis, synthesize osteoid (the matrix of the bone).
Osteoprogenitor cells are
mesenchymal cells that play a role in bone fracture repair
Osteoclasts are cells that
help dissolve bony matrix through osteolysis.
Osteon
is the basic functional unit of compact bone
Trabeculae are
struts or plates in an open network of spongy bone
Periosteum
two-layered external bone covering
Endosteum
internal bone covering
Ossification
replaces other tissue with bone
Calcification
Deposits calcium salts within a tissue
Appositional growth
Diameter of a bone enlarging at the outer surface
Endochondral ossification
begins with the formation of a cartilaginous model. Osseous tissue gradually replaces this hyaline cartilage model
Parathyroid gland realeases
Parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclast and osteoblast activity
The thyroid gland releases
Calcitonin which inhibits osteoclast activity and increases calcium loss in the urine
What hormones stimulate growth through increasing osteoblasts?
GH, thyroxine, and sex hormones
A fracture
is a break or crack in bone
Osteopenia
Normal loss of thickness and strength in bones. Can lead to osteoporosis
Name the 7 categories of bones
sutural, pneumatized, short, irregular, flat, long, and sesamoid
