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Anatomy > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

Study of external and internal structures and the relationship between body parts

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of how the body functions and the mechanisms in the body

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of Cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of Tissues

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5
Q

Morphology

A

Superficial anatomical markings

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6
Q

Four major elements in the body

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen

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7
Q

Major components of the body

A

Water - 66%
Proteins - 20%
Lipids - 10%
Carbohydrates - 3%

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8
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial, Muscular, Neural, and Connective

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9
Q

Name the 11 organ systems

A

I, S, M, N, E, C, L, R, D, U, R

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10
Q

Definite Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex molecules

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11
Q

Define Catabolism

A

The breakdown of complex molecules

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12
Q

List a part of the integumentary system

A

Epidermis

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13
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Brain, thoracic cage, vertebrate

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14
Q

Name a muscle in the body

A

Deltoid

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15
Q

Name a part of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary Gland

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16
Q

Name a part of the lymphatic system

A

Spleen

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17
Q

Supine

A

Lying down face up

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18
Q

Anterior

A

Front of the body

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19
Q

Prone

A

Lying face down

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20
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants

A

4 Sections

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21
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

9 Sections

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22
Q

Medial

A

Closer to middle

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23
Q

Lateral

A

Further away from middle

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24
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to point of attachment

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25
Q

Distal

A

Further from point of attachment

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26
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Left and Right Sections

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27
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Separates the body into anterior and posterior sections

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28
Q

Transverse plane

A

Separates the tissue/body into superior and inferior sections (one you got wrong on the quiz)

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29
Q

Posterior Cavity

A

Contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity

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30
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Contains Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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31
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains pleural cavity and pericardial cavity

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32
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity

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33
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

(inner layer)

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34
Q

Parietal pleura

A

(outer layer)

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35
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A

No intercellular space, closely bound together

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36
Q

Epithelial exposed surface

A

Apical Surface

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37
Q

Epithelial attached surface

A

Basal surface (remember polarity refers to structural and functional differences)

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38
Q

Epithelioid cells

A

Epithelial cells without a free surface

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39
Q

What is the basal layer attached to?

A

Basal lamina

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40
Q

True or False: epithelial tissue is avascular

A

True

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41
Q

Neuroepithelia

A

Provides sensation

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42
Q

How are secretions produced

A

Through unicellular glands and glandular epithelia

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43
Q

What structures are found on the basolateral surface of cells?

A

Microvilli, Stereocilia, Ciliated spithelium

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44
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Pericardial body cavity/alveoli, absorption

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45
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

lining of vagina, protection

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46
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

kidney tubules, absorption

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47
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

lining of some ducts, protection

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48
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

lining of uterine tubes, protection

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49
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

small portion of pharynx, protection

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50
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Lining of nasal cavity, protection

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51
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Urinary bladder, expansion and recoil

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52
Q

Glandular epithelia

A

Gland cells, multicellular glands

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53
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Serous: watery fluid
Mucous: mucus
Mixed exocrine glands: both serous and mucus

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54
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Mucins -
2 types: Goblet cells in the trachea and mucous cells in the salivary glands

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55
Q

Multicellular glands

A
  • Produce secretory sheets
  • Can be simple or compound
  • Tubular, Alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
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56
Q

Eccrine Secretion

A

Most common, vesicles empty to surface

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57
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Shedding of cytoplasm

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58
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Cell bursts

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59
Q

3 Main Components of Connective Tissues

A
  • Specialized cells
  • Extracellular protein fibers
  • Matrix (extracellular protein fibers - CALCIFIED)
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60
Q

Three major types of connective tissue

A
  1. Proper
  2. Fluid
  3. Supporting
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61
Q

Proper Connective Tissue

A
  • Fixed cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes)
  • Wandering cells (mast cells/histamine, macrophages)
62
Q

3 fibers in Supporting connective tissue

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic
63
Q

Areolar Tissue

A

Deep dermis, connects skin to muscle

64
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Insulation, ex buttocks

65
Q

Reticular Tissue

A

Support, ex liver, spleen

66
Q

2 types of Dense Connective

A

Regular and Irregular

67
Q

Regular Dense Connective Tissue

A

Tendons (muscle - bone) and ligaments (bone - bone)

68
Q

Irregular Dense Connective Tissues

A

Provide strength, ex muscle Sheaths

69
Q

2 types of Fluid Connective Tissues

A

Blood and Lymph

70
Q

What is Lymph composed of?

A

Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

71
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage types

A

Fibrous, Elastic, and Hyaline

72
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Flexible Support, located between ribs and sternum

73
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Flexible Support, ex epiglottis

74
Q

Fibrous cartilage tissue

A

Absorbs shock, ex pads within knee joints

75
Q

Covering of Bone

A

Periosteum

76
Q

4 types of membranes

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Cutaneous
  4. Synovial
77
Q

3 Types of Muscle cells

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

78
Q

How are muscle cells different from typical cells?

A

The cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm, and the membrane is called sarcolemma

79
Q

How is Muscle Repair Possible?

A

Myosatellite cells can reproduce

80
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells of the neural tissue, they protect the neurons

81
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Reduction in bone strength

82
Q

Which 2 tissues cannot regenerate?

A

Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue

83
Q

2 Parts of the dermis and their functions

A

Papillary (nourishes epidermis) and reticular (stores lipids and attaches skin to deeper tissues)

84
Q

4 types of cells found in the epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes (keratin)
  2. Melanocytes (melanin)
  3. Merkel cells (sensory)
  4. Langerhans (macrophages)
85
Q

List the 5 layers of the epidermis

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
86
Q

How are dermal ridges formed?

A

Stratum germinativum forms dermal ridges/dermal papillae

87
Q

Sustained reduction in blood flow

A

Cyanosis

88
Q

Epidermal Pigments

A

Carotene and Melanin

89
Q

Papillary layer is made up of:

A

Loose connective tissue, dermal papillae, capillaries, neuron axons

90
Q

Reticular layer consists of:

A

Dense irregular connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

91
Q

Arteries and veins form the:

A

Cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus

92
Q

Tactile discs

A

Lamellar corpuscle and Tactile corpuscle

93
Q

Stretch Recpetors

A

Ruffini corpuscles

94
Q

2 other names for Hypodermis

A
  1. Subcutaneous layer
  2. Superficial fascia
95
Q

What makes up the hypodermis?

A

Adipose tissue and major blood vessels

96
Q

What parts of the hair matrix are keratinized?

A

Medulla is soft keratin, Cortex is hard keratin

97
Q

Lanugo

A

Hair that forms 3 months into embryonic development

98
Q

Hair that covers most of the body

A

Vellus

99
Q

Hair that covers the head

A

Terminal

100
Q

Hair growth rate

A

~ 0.33 mm per day

101
Q

4 types of sweat glands

A
  1. Apocrine glands
  2. Ceruminous glands
  3. Mammary glands
  4. Eccrine glands
102
Q

Folliculitis

A

Bacteria infected sebaceous follicle

103
Q

Types of Sweat glands

A

Apocrine and eccrine/merocrine

(both consist of myoepithelial cells)

104
Q

Name 2 extra glands in the body

A

Mammary glands and ceruminous glands (earwax)

105
Q

Edge of nail with skin

A

Eponychium

106
Q

Burn evalutions

A

11 areas - each area 9% total surface

107
Q

Perineum

A

Crotch area

108
Q

What is a critical burn?

A
  • 30% 2nd degree
  • 10% 3rd or 4th
  • 3rd or 4th on the face hands or genitals
109
Q

3 most common types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

110
Q

What happens to skin as we age?

A

Epidermis thins
Langerhans cells decrease
Vitamin D declines
Melanocyte activity declines
Blood supply to the dermis decreases

111
Q

Sensory cutaneous branches of the PNS

A

Dermatomes

112
Q

Bone’s store how much of the body’s calcium?

A

98%

113
Q

Blood cell production name

A

Hematopoiesis

114
Q

Basic functional unit of bone

A

Osteons

115
Q

Types of lamellae

A

Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential

116
Q

Inside protective membrane of bone

A

Endosteum

117
Q

Branching plates made of spongy bone

A

Trabeculae

118
Q

Structure of spongy bone

A

Parallel struts and branching trabeculae

119
Q

Ends of long bones

A

Epiphysis

120
Q

Shaft of long bones

A

Diaphysis

121
Q

Growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis

A

Metaphysis

122
Q

How is the periosteum attached to the bone

A

Perforating fibers

123
Q

What does the endosteum consist of?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

124
Q

Replacing cartilage with bone cells

A

Ossification

125
Q

Calcification

A

Deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue

126
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Bone formed from fibrous tissue (head)

127
Q

Endochondral ossification (limbs/hips)

A

Bone formed from cartilage tissue

128
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Area of cartilage in metaphysis

129
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Increase in Diameter

130
Q

Calcitriol

A

Made in kidneys from D3 and helps absorb calcium ions and phosphate ions

131
Q

What hormones regulate bone growth?

A

Parathyroid, Calcitonin, Thyroxine, GH, estrogen, testosterone

132
Q

Estrogen and Testosterone

A

Stimulate osteoblast activity

133
Q

Transverse fracture

A

break to long axis

134
Q

Displaced fracture

A

Abnormal bone arrangements

135
Q

Compression fractures

A

Bones jam together

136
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Bones twist along length

137
Q

Comminuted fractures

A

Many bony fragments

138
Q

Greenstick fractures

A

Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends

139
Q

Colles facture

A

Break at the distal portion of the radius

140
Q

Pott fracture

A

Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and fibula

141
Q

4 stages of a bone break

A
  1. Hematoma
  2. Internal callus
  3. External callus
  4. Swelling cover fracture location
142
Q

Ossification decreases lead to:

A

Osteopenia

143
Q

Osteopororsis

A

Bones become porous

144
Q

Sutural bones

A

Suture spots

145
Q

Flat Bones

A
146
Q

Long bones

A

ex Femur

147
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

ex Patella

148
Q

Short bones

A

Boxlike, ex carpals

149
Q

Pneumatized Bones

A

Hollow or contain air pockets

150
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Vertebrate

Anatomy (7 decks)

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