TEST 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Study of external and internal structures and the relationship between body parts
Define Physiology
The study of how the body functions and the mechanisms in the body
Cytology
Study of Cells
Histology
Study of Tissues
Morphology
Superficial anatomical markings
Four major elements in the body
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen
Major components of the body
Water - 66%
Proteins - 20%
Lipids - 10%
Carbohydrates - 3%
Four types of tissue
Epithelial, Muscular, Neural, and Connective
Name the 11 organ systems
I, S, M, N, E, C, L, R, D, U, R
Definite Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules
Define Catabolism
The breakdown of complex molecules
List a part of the integumentary system
Epidermis
Axial Skeleton
Brain, thoracic cage, vertebrate
Name a muscle in the body
Deltoid
Name a part of the endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
Name a part of the lymphatic system
Spleen
Supine
Lying down face up
Anterior
Front of the body
Prone
Lying face down
Abdominopelvic quadrants
4 Sections
Abdominopelvic regions
9 Sections
Medial
Closer to middle
Lateral
Further away from middle
Proximal
Nearer to point of attachment
Distal
Further from point of attachment
Sagittal plane
Left and Right Sections
Frontal Plane
Separates the body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse plane
Separates the tissue/body into superior and inferior sections (one you got wrong on the quiz)
Posterior Cavity
Contains cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Anterior cavity
Contains Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Contains pleural cavity and pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, peritoneal cavity
Visceral Pleura
(inner layer)
Parietal pleura
(outer layer)
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
No intercellular space, closely bound together
Epithelial exposed surface
Apical Surface
Epithelial attached surface
Basal surface (remember polarity refers to structural and functional differences)
Epithelioid cells
Epithelial cells without a free surface
What is the basal layer attached to?
Basal lamina
True or False: epithelial tissue is avascular
True
Neuroepithelia
Provides sensation
How are secretions produced
Through unicellular glands and glandular epithelia
What structures are found on the basolateral surface of cells?
Microvilli, Stereocilia, Ciliated spithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Pericardial body cavity/alveoli, absorption
Stratified squamous epithelium
lining of vagina, protection
simple cuboidal epithelium
kidney tubules, absorption
stratified cuboidal epithelium
lining of some ducts, protection
simple columnar epithelium
lining of uterine tubes, protection
stratified columnar epithelium
small portion of pharynx, protection
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Lining of nasal cavity, protection
Transitional epithelium
Urinary bladder, expansion and recoil
Glandular epithelia
Gland cells, multicellular glands
Exocrine glands
Serous: watery fluid
Mucous: mucus
Mixed exocrine glands: both serous and mucus
Unicellular glands
Mucins -
2 types: Goblet cells in the trachea and mucous cells in the salivary glands
Multicellular glands
- Produce secretory sheets
- Can be simple or compound
- Tubular, Alveolar, or tubuloalveolar
Eccrine Secretion
Most common, vesicles empty to surface
Apocrine secretion
Shedding of cytoplasm
Holocrine secretion
Cell bursts
3 Main Components of Connective Tissues
- Specialized cells
- Extracellular protein fibers
- Matrix (extracellular protein fibers - CALCIFIED)
Three major types of connective tissue
- Proper
- Fluid
- Supporting
Proper Connective Tissue
- Fixed cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes)
- Wandering cells (mast cells/histamine, macrophages)
3 fibers in Supporting connective tissue
- Collagen
- Reticular
- Elastic
Areolar Tissue
Deep dermis, connects skin to muscle
Adipose Tissue
Insulation, ex buttocks
Reticular Tissue
Support, ex liver, spleen
2 types of Dense Connective
Regular and Irregular
Regular Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons (muscle - bone) and ligaments (bone - bone)
Irregular Dense Connective Tissues
Provide strength, ex muscle Sheaths
2 types of Fluid Connective Tissues
Blood and Lymph
What is Lymph composed of?
Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
Supporting Connective Tissue Cartilage types
Fibrous, Elastic, and Hyaline
Hyaline Cartilage
Flexible Support, located between ribs and sternum
Elastic Cartilage
Flexible Support, ex epiglottis
Fibrous cartilage tissue
Absorbs shock, ex pads within knee joints
Covering of Bone
Periosteum
4 types of membranes
- Mucous
- Serous
- Cutaneous
- Synovial
3 Types of Muscle cells
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
How are muscle cells different from typical cells?
The cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm, and the membrane is called sarcolemma
How is Muscle Repair Possible?
Myosatellite cells can reproduce
Neuroglia
Supporting cells of the neural tissue, they protect the neurons
Osteoporosis
Reduction in bone strength
Which 2 tissues cannot regenerate?
Cardiac muscle cells and neural tissue
2 Parts of the dermis and their functions
Papillary (nourishes epidermis) and reticular (stores lipids and attaches skin to deeper tissues)
4 types of cells found in the epidermis
- Keratinocytes (keratin)
- Melanocytes (melanin)
- Merkel cells (sensory)
- Langerhans (macrophages)
List the 5 layers of the epidermis
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
How are dermal ridges formed?
Stratum germinativum forms dermal ridges/dermal papillae
Sustained reduction in blood flow
Cyanosis
Epidermal Pigments
Carotene and Melanin
Papillary layer is made up of:
Loose connective tissue, dermal papillae, capillaries, neuron axons
Reticular layer consists of:
Dense irregular connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Arteries and veins form the:
Cutaneous plexus and subpapillary plexus
Tactile discs
Lamellar corpuscle and Tactile corpuscle
Stretch Recpetors
Ruffini corpuscles
2 other names for Hypodermis
- Subcutaneous layer
- Superficial fascia
What makes up the hypodermis?
Adipose tissue and major blood vessels
What parts of the hair matrix are keratinized?
Medulla is soft keratin, Cortex is hard keratin
Lanugo
Hair that forms 3 months into embryonic development
Hair that covers most of the body
Vellus
Hair that covers the head
Terminal
Hair growth rate
~ 0.33 mm per day
4 types of sweat glands
- Apocrine glands
- Ceruminous glands
- Mammary glands
- Eccrine glands
Folliculitis
Bacteria infected sebaceous follicle
Types of Sweat glands
Apocrine and eccrine/merocrine
(both consist of myoepithelial cells)
Name 2 extra glands in the body
Mammary glands and ceruminous glands (earwax)
Edge of nail with skin
Eponychium
Burn evalutions
11 areas - each area 9% total surface
Perineum
Crotch area
What is a critical burn?
- 30% 2nd degree
- 10% 3rd or 4th
- 3rd or 4th on the face hands or genitals
3 most common types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
What happens to skin as we age?
Epidermis thins
Langerhans cells decrease
Vitamin D declines
Melanocyte activity declines
Blood supply to the dermis decreases
Sensory cutaneous branches of the PNS
Dermatomes
Bone’s store how much of the body’s calcium?
98%
Blood cell production name
Hematopoiesis
Basic functional unit of bone
Osteons
Types of lamellae
Concentric, interstitial, and circumferential
Inside protective membrane of bone
Endosteum
Branching plates made of spongy bone
Trabeculae
Structure of spongy bone
Parallel struts and branching trabeculae
Ends of long bones
Epiphysis
Shaft of long bones
Diaphysis
Growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis
Metaphysis
How is the periosteum attached to the bone
Perforating fibers
What does the endosteum consist of?
Osteoprogenitor cells
Replacing cartilage with bone cells
Ossification
Calcification
Deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue
Intramembranous ossification
Bone formed from fibrous tissue (head)
Endochondral ossification (limbs/hips)
Bone formed from cartilage tissue
Epiphyseal line
Area of cartilage in metaphysis
Appositional Growth
Increase in Diameter
Calcitriol
Made in kidneys from D3 and helps absorb calcium ions and phosphate ions
What hormones regulate bone growth?
Parathyroid, Calcitonin, Thyroxine, GH, estrogen, testosterone
Estrogen and Testosterone
Stimulate osteoblast activity
Transverse fracture
break to long axis
Displaced fracture
Abnormal bone arrangements
Compression fractures
Bones jam together
Spiral fracture
Bones twist along length
Comminuted fractures
Many bony fragments
Greenstick fractures
Only one edge of the bone breaks while the other edge bends
Colles facture
Break at the distal portion of the radius
Pott fracture
Occurs at the ankles and affects both the tibia and fibula
4 stages of a bone break
- Hematoma
- Internal callus
- External callus
- Swelling cover fracture location
Ossification decreases lead to:
Osteopenia
Osteopororsis
Bones become porous
Sutural bones
Suture spots
Flat Bones
Long bones
ex Femur
Sesamoid Bones
ex Patella
Short bones
Boxlike, ex carpals
Pneumatized Bones
Hollow or contain air pockets
Irregular Bones
Vertebrate
