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Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Origin

A

refers to the structure to which the muscle is attached that remains relatively fixed when
the muscle contracts

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2
Q

Insertion

A

refers to the structure to which the muscle is attached that moves when the muscle
contracts

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3
Q

Belly

A

the thick part of the muscle between the origin and insertion

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4
Q

Tendon

A

cords of fibrous connective tissue by which a muscle is attached to its insertion and origin

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5
Q

Aponeurosis

A

a broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue by which a muscle is attached to its
insertion or origin; these are less common than tendons

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6
Q

Flexor

A

muscle which decreases an angle between two structures; or a muscle that bends one
skeletal part in relation to another

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7
Q

Extensor

A

a muscle which increases an angle between two structures; or a muscle that
straightens one skeletal part in relation to another

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8
Q

Abductor

A

a muscle which moves a part away from the main axis (midline) of the body

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9
Q

Adductor

A

a muscle that moves a part toward the main axis (midline) of the body

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10
Q

Levator

A

muscle which raises a body part. Ex: The masseter which raises or closes the jaw

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11
Q

Depressor

A

a muscle which lowers a body part

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12
Q

Protractor

A

a muscle which moves a body part forward

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13
Q

Retractor

A

a muscle which moves a body part backwards

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14
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

O; Spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
I; Intertubercular groove of humerous
A: Internal rotation, adduction, extension of arm

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15
Q

External Oblique

A

O: Ribs and lumbodorsal fascia
I: linea alba
A: Rotation and lateral and anterior flexion

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16
Q

Internal oblique

A

O: Lumbodorsal fascia
I: Aponeurosis on linea alba
A: Flexion (rotation of trunk)

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17
Q

Appendicular skeleton includes

A
  • Pectoral girdle
  • Shoulder bones
  • Upper limbs
  • Pelvic girdle
  • Hip bones
  • Lower limbs
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18
Q

Carpal bones

A
  • Eight bones of the wrist
  • Consists of two rows
  • Proximal carpal bones and distal carpal
    bones
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19
Q

coxal bones

A
  • Ilium/ischium/pubis
  • Acetabulum
  • Acetabular notch/acetabular fossa/lunate
    surface
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20
Q

Greater pelvis

A

Spans the distance from left iliac crest to right
iliac crest

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21
Q

Pelvic inlet

A

superior space between the pelvic
brim of each coxal bone

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22
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

inferior space between the ischial
spine of each coxal bone

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23
Q

Differences in male/female pelvis

A
  • Pelvic outlet
  • Larger in females than in males
  • Sacrum curve
  • Less curvature in females than in males
  • Pelvic inlet
  • Wider in females than in males
  • Pubic angle
  • Greater than 100º in females and less than 90º in
    males
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24
Q

Seven bones of the ankle (tarsus)

A
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus (contains trochlea)
  • Navicular
  • Cuboid
  • Medial cuneiform bone
  • Intermediate cuneiform bone
  • Lateral cuneiform bone
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25
Q

Joints (articulations)

A

exist wherever two or more
bones meet

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26
Q

Classify joints on Function: range of motion

A
  • Synarthrosis
    Immovable
  • Amphiarthrosis
    Slightly movable
  • Diarthrosis
    Freely movable
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27
Q

Classify joints on Structure

A
  • Synarthrosis (Immovable Joint)
  • Amphiarthroses (Slightly Movable Joints)
  • Diarthroses (Freely Movable Synovial Joints)
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28
Q

Rheumatism

A

Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system,
muscular system, or both

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29
Q

Arthritis

A
  • Includes all rheumatic diseases that affect synovial
    joints
  • Involves damage to the articular cartilages
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30
Q

Bursae

A

Synovial tendon sheaths surround some tendons

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31
Q

Ligaments

A

There are accessory ligaments and capsular
ligaments such as extracapsular ligaments and
intracapsular ligaments

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32
Q

Cartilages and fat pads

A
  • Menisci
  • Fat pads
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33
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages
    and reduces friction
  • Nourishes the chondrocytes by entering and
    exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces
    acting on the joint
  • shock absorber
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34
Q

synovial joints

A

have
* The presence of articular cartilages
* A joint cavity with synovial fluid
* A synovial membrane
* Accessory structures (cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, bursae)
* Sensory nerves and blood vessels

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35
Q

Syndesmosis (type of Amphiarthroses)

A

ligaments that connect two bones
but limit their motion

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36
Q

Symphysis (type of Amphiarthroses)

A

bones are separated by a wedge or
pad of cartilage

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37
Q

Sutures (type of Synarthrosis)

A

Sutures (joints found only in the skull

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38
Q

Gomphosis (type of synarthrosis)

A

fibrous joint between teeth and jaw
bones (Periodontal ligaments)

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39
Q

Synchondrosis (type of synarthrosis)

A

cartilaginous joint within
epiphysis of bone

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40
Q

Synostosis (type of synarthrosis)

A

bony fusion joint between two bones (ex Fusion of the three coxal bones)

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41
Q

4 basic properties of muscle tissue:

A

Excitability
* respond to stimuli
Contractility
* shorten and exert a pull or tension
Extensibility
* continue to contract over a range of
resting lengths
Elasticity
* rebound toward its original length

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42
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Movement
  • Maintain Temperature
  • Maintain posture
  • support soft tissue
  • regulate entering and exiting of material
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43
Q

Epimysium

A

dense tissue that surrounds the entire
muscle

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44
Q

Perimysium

A

dense tissue that divides the muscle
into parallel compartments of fascicles

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45
Q

Endomysium

A

dense tissue that surrounds
individual muscle fibers

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46
Q

What repairs damaged muscle tissue

A

Myosatellite cells

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47
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone, and are comprised of Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

48
Q

Aponeuroses

A

thick, flattened sheets that connect a
muscle to a muscle

49
Q

Neuromuscular junction [NMJ]

A

Where the chemical communication between the muscle and nerve occur

50
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Membrane that surrounds the muscle cell

51
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytosol of the muscle cell

52
Q

Myoblasts

A

Embryonic cells that form skeletal muscle fibers

53
Q

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

Tubules that conduct electrical impulses for muscle
fiber contraction

54
Q

myofibrils

A

Responsible for the contraction of muscles

55
Q

Actin

A

thin protein filaments

56
Q

Myosin

A

thick protein filaments

57
Q

sarcoplasmic
reticulum (SR)

A

Consists of terminal cisternae and triads

58
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of muscle

59
Q

Precise motor unit

A

Controls 2-3 muscle fibers (ex eye)

60
Q

Less precise motor unit

A

~ 2000 muscle fibers (ex leg)

61
Q

Muscle tone

A

The tension of a muscle when it is relaxed

62
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Specialized muscle cells that are monitored by
sensory nerves to control muscle tone

63
Q

Hypertrophy leads to

A
  • An increase in the number of mitochondria
  • An increase in the activity of muscle spindles
  • An increase in the concentration of glycolytic
    enzymes
  • An increase in the glycogen reserves
64
Q

Atrophy leads to

A
  • A decrease in muscle mass
  • A decrease in muscle tone
  • Muscle becomes flaccid
  • Muscle fibers become smaller and weaker
65
Q

Fast fibers

A

(White fibers ex eye)
Muscles contract using anaerobic metabolism
during glycolysis

Few mitocondria

66
Q

Slow fibers

A

(red fibers, contain myoglobin)

  • Use aerobic metabolism
  • more mitochondria that fast fibers
67
Q

Intermediate fibers

A

(pink fibers)

Lots of mitochondria, low myoglobin

68
Q

4 types of muscle organizations

A
  • Parallel muscle fibers
  • Convergent muscle fibers
  • Pennate muscle fibers
  • Circular muscle fibers
69
Q

Parallel Muscles

A

Muscle fascicles are parallel to the longitudinal
axis

Ex: biceps brachii (body becomes shorter during contraction

70
Q

Convergent Muscles

A

Muscle fibers form a broad area but come
together at a common point
Ex pectoralis major (raphe)

71
Q

Pennate

A

Muscle fibers form an oblique angle to the tendon
of the muscle

3 TYPES:
Unipennate - fibers on same side (extensor digitorum)

Bipennate - fibers on both sides (rectus femoris)

Multipennate - branches within muscle (detolid)

72
Q

Circular muscles

A

AKA sphincter muscles
form concentric rings

example: orbicularis oris

73
Q

2 ways of describing muscle actions

A
  1. reference to the bone region the
    muscle is associated with
  2. reference to a specific joint the
    muscle is associated with
74
Q

4 types of muscle ACTION groupings

A
  • Prime movers (agonists)
  • Antagonists
  • Synergists
  • Fixators
75
Q

Prime movers

A

Responsible for producing a particular movement

Biceps brachii—flexes the lower arm

76
Q

Antagonists

A

Actions oppose the action of the agonist

Triceps brachii—extends the lower arm

77
Q

Synergists

A

Assist the prime mover in performing an action

Latissimus dorsi and teres major—contract to move
the arm medially over the posterior body

78
Q

Fixators

A

Agonist and antagonist muscles contracting at the
same time to stabilize a joint

Flexor and extensor muscles contract at the same
time to stabilize an outstretched hand

79
Q

Aging in muscular system

A
  • Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter
  • Due to a decrease in the number of myofibrils
  • Contain less glycogen reserves
  • Contain less myoglobin
  • All of the above results in a decrease in strength
    and endurance
  • Muscles fatigue rapidly
  • Develop fibrosis
80
Q

5 key facial muscles

A
  • Orbicularis oris
  • Buccinator
  • Temporoparietalis
  • Occipitofrontalis
  • Platysma
    (All are innervated by CN VII)
81
Q

Extra-ocular Muscles

A
  • Medial and lateral rectus muscles
  • Superior and inferior rectus muscles
  • Superior and inferior oblique muscles
82
Q

Eye movements of Extra-ocular

A
  • Lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally
  • Medial rectus: rotates the eye medially
  • Superior rectus: rotates the eye upward
  • Inferior rectus: rotates the eye downward
  • Superior oblique: rotates the eye downward and
    laterally
  • Inferior oblique: rotates the eye upward and
    laterally
83
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Pterygoids
84
Q

Muscles of the Tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Palatoglossus
  • Styloglossus
85
Q

Muscles of the Pharynx

A
  • Pharyngeal constrictors:
    Superior/Middle/Inferior constrictors
  • Laryngeal elevators: Palatopharyngeus/
    Salpingopharyngeus/Stylopharyngeus
  • Palatal muscles: Tensor veli palatini/levator
    veli palatini
86
Q

Muscles of the Neck

A
  • Digastric
  • Mylohyoid
  • GeniohyoidI
  • Stylohyoid
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Omohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Sternohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
87
Q

3 layers of back muscles

A
  • Superficial layer (extrinsic back muscles): move
    the neck
  • Intermediate layer (extrinsic back muscles): move
    the vertebral column
  • Deep layer (intrinsic back muscles): interconnect
    the vertebrae
88
Q

Superficial Layer of the Intrinsic Back
Muscles

A
  • Splenius capitis
  • Splenius cervicis
89
Q

Intermediate Layer of the Intrinsic Back
Muscles

A

Erector spinae (group of three muscles)
* Spinalis (most medial of the three)
* Longissimus
* Iliocostalis (most lateral of the three)

90
Q

The Deep Layers of the Intrinsic Back Muscles

A
  • Transversospinales (a group of five muscles)
  • Semispinalis
  • Multifidus
  • Rotatores
  • Interspinales
  • Intertransversarii
91
Q

Spinal Flexors

A
  • Longus capitis
  • Longus colli
    (The above two muscles rotate or flex the neck)
  • Quadratus lumborum
    (Flexes the vertebral column laterally)
92
Q

Cervical muscles

A

Scalene muscles (elevate ribs)
* Anterior
* Middle
* Posterior

93
Q

Thoracic muscles

A
  • Intercostal muscles
    External intercostal: elevates the ribs
    Internal intercostal: depresses the ribs
  • Transversus thoracis: depresses the ribs
94
Q

Abdominal muscles

A
  • External oblique
    Compresses the abdomen/depresses ribs/laterally
    flexes the torso
  • Internal oblique
    Compresses the abdomen/depresses ribs/laterally
    flexes the torso
  • Transversus abdominis
    Compresses the abdomen
95
Q

Abdominal region rectus muscle

A
  • Rectus abdominis
    Depresses ribs/flexes vertebral column
  • Consists of linea alba and tendinous inscriptions
96
Q

Diaphragm

A

When it contracts, the diaphragm lowers to
increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
* Exhalation

97
Q

perineal region

A
  • Urogenital triangle (anterior triangle)
  • Anal triangle (posterior triangle)
    Pelvic diaphragm: forms the foundation
98
Q

Appendicular muscle function

A

Stabilization, absorption, and movement

99
Q

Action lines

A

Show:
Direction of pull

100
Q

Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

A

Trapezius: Rotates scapula and extend the neck

  • Rhomboid: Adducts the scapula
  • Levator scapulae: Elevates the scapula
  • Pectoralis minor: Protracts the shoulder
  • Serratus anterior: Protracts the scapula
  • Subclavius: Protracts the scapula
101
Q

Muscles That Move the Arm (8)

A
  • Deltoid: Abducts the arm
  • Supraspinatus: Abduction at the shoulder
  • Infraspinatus: Lateral rotation at the shoulder
  • Subscapularis: Medial rotation at the shoulder
  • Teres major: Extension and medial rotation at
    shoulder
  • Teres minor: Lateral rotation and adduction at
    shoulder
  • Coracobrachialis: Adduction and flexion at
    shoulder
  • Pectoralis major: Adducts, flexes, and medially
    rotates the arm
  • Latissimus dorsi: Extension, adduction, medial
    rotation at shoulder
102
Q

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand (13)

A
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extension and adduction
    at wrist
  • Triceps brachii: Extension at the elbow
  • Biceps brachii: Flexion at the elbow and
    supinates the forearm
  • Brachialis: Flexion at the elbow
  • Brachioradialis: Flexion at the elbow
  • Anconeus: Extension at the elbow
  • Pronator teres: Pronates the forearm
  • Supinator: Supinates the forearm
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris: Flexion and adduction at
    wrist
  • Flexor carpi radialis: Flexion and abduction at
    wrist
  • Palmaris longus: Flexion at wrist
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris: Extension and adduction
    at wrist
  • Extensor carpi radialis: Extension and abduction
    at wrist
  • Pronator quadratus: Pronates forearm and hand
103
Q

Extrinsic Tendons of the Hand (2)

A

Flexor retinaculum and Extensor retinaculum (not muscles, pass through synovial tendon sheaths)

104
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (3)

A
  • Lumbrical
  • Dorsal interossei
  • Palmar interossei
105
Q

Muscles That Move the Thigh

A
  1. gluteal muscles
  2. lateral rotator
  3. adductor
  4. iliopsoas
106
Q

gluteal muscles (5)

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Extension and lateral rotation at the hip
    Inserts within the tensor fasciae latae via the
    iliotibial tract to the tibia
  • Gluteus medius
    Abduction and medial rotation at the hip
  • Gluteus minimus
    Abduction and medial rotation at the hip
  • Tensor fasciae latae
    Extension of the knee and lateral rotation of the leg
107
Q

Lateral rotators (4)

A
  • Obturator muscles
    Lateral rotation and abduction of hip
  • Piriformis
    Lateral rotation and abduction of hip
  • Gemelli muscles
    Lateral rotation and abduction of hip
  • Quadratus femoris
    Lateral rotation of hip
108
Q

adductors (6)

A
  • Adductor brevis
    Adduction and flexion at the hip
  • Adductor longus
    Adduction and medial rotation at the hip
  • Adductor magnus
    Adduction at the hip
  • Pectineus
    Flexion and adduction at the hip
  • Gracilis
    Flexion and medial rotation at the knee
  • Adduction and medial rotation at the hip
109
Q

iliopsoas (2)

A
  • Iliacus
    Flexion at the hip
  • Psoas major
    Flexion at the hip
110
Q

Muscles That Move the Leg (7)

A
  • Vastus intermedius
  • Vastus lateralis
  • Vastus medialis
  • Rectus femoris

All extend the leg

  • Biceps femoris
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus

All flex the leg

111
Q

Flexors of the knee (2)

A
  • Sartorius
    Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip
  • Popliteus
    Medially rotates the hip
112
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Foot (6)

A
  • Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
  • Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexion
  • Fibularis brevis: Plantar flexion and eversion of the
    foot
  • Fibularis longus: Plantar flexion and eversion of the
    foot
  • Plantaris: Plantar flexion
  • Soleus: Plantar flexion
  • Tibialis posterior: Plantar flexion and inversion of the
    foot
113
Q

The gastrocnemius and soleus insert onto

A

calcaneal tendon, which inserts onto the
calcaneus

114
Q

What stabilize the tendons in the
tarsal area

A

The superior extensor retinaculum and inferior
extensor retinaculum

115
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Foot (4)

A

Flexor digitorum longus: flexion of toes 2–5

  • Flexor hallucis longus: flexion of the hallux
  • Extensor digitorum longus: extension of toes 2–5
  • Extensor hallucis longus: extension of the hallux
116
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (6)

A
  • Abductor hallucis: abduction of the hallux
  • Flexor digitorum brevis: flexion of toes 2–5
  • Abductor digiti minimi: abduction of the little toe
  • Lumbricals: extension of toes 2–5
  • Flexor hallucis brevis: flexion of the hallux
  • Flexor digiti minimi brevis: flexion of the little toe
  • Plantar aponeurosis is superficial fascia tissue of
    the plantar surface of the foot

Anatomy (7 decks)

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