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ENG 212 > vocab > Flashcards

vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

meaningful, intentional system of human communication whose components are arbitrary and conventional

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2
Q

Speech community

A

the collective speakers of a language

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3
Q

Linguistics

A

the scholarly study of a language, a language is usually equated with its spoken form

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4
Q

Historical linguistics

A

the study of language through time

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5
Q

grammar

A

the way in which a language is organized

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6
Q

phonology

A

the system that organises the sounds of a language

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7
Q

morphology

A

the system that organises meaningful units of a language into words

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8
Q

syntax

A

the system that joins words into longer units such as phrases

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9
Q

lexicon

A

the vocabulary of words in the language

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10
Q

descriptivist (approach)

A

studies linguistic behaviour as a natural phenomenon and posits rules based on consistent, systematic patterns in language practice.

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11
Q

Prescriptivist (approach)

A

seeks to regulate language practice.

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12
Q

morpheme

A

smallest meaningful unit of a language

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13
Q

free morpheme

A

Free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand on its own ex:bad

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14
Q

bound morpheme

A

must be used in combination with other morpheme(s) to be meaningful ex:ly

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15
Q

bases

A

free morphemes to which other morphemes are added

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16
Q

affix

A

bound morpheme added to a base

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17
Q

root

A

first base of a word

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18
Q

etymology

A

the history of words

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19
Q

derivational affixes

A

affixes that usually add to or change the meaning of a word when they are attached.

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20
Q

word class

A

a category that determines how the word functions syntactically

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21
Q

inflectional affix

A

an affix that does not change the wor’d meaning, but adds grammatical information about its syntactic function ex: plural form or changing verb tense

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22
Q

dental suffix

A

a past tense marker in germanic languages, consisting of a suffix that contains the phonemes /t/ or /d/ (-ed and its variation) ex: weak verbs

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23
Q

ablaut

A

In indo-european languages, changing the root vowel of a word to mark a morphological feature such as past tense ex: strong verbs

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24
Q

comparative form

A

an inflectional form of an adjective that indicates more ex: bigger

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25
Q

superlative form

A

an inflectional form of an adjective that indicates ‘most’

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26
Q

periphrasis

A

adding separate words before the base word ex: the title of the book is _ instead of the book’s title is_

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27
Q

auxillary verb

A

a verb that is added before the main verb in periphrastic constructions

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28
Q

perfect aspect

A

action has been completed; marked by auxiliary verb have and the past participle ex: the have asked us

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29
Q

progressive aspect

A

the action is continuing, marked by auxiliary verb be and the present participle ex: they are asking us

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30
Q

future aspect

A

action will happen after time of utterance, marked by auxiliary verb will ex: they will ask us.

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31
Q

modal (auxiliary)

A

an auxiliary verb that indicates grammatical mood, i.e. the relation of the situation described to reality ex: might in might go

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32
Q

phrase

A

basic unit of syntax. Consists of a head: the word that defines what kind of phrase it is

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33
Q

clause

A

a combination of a noun phrase and a verb phrase

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34
Q

lexicography

A

the discipline of dictionary-making

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35
Q

headword (lemma)

A

a lexeme that serves as a dictionary entry

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36
Q

lexeme

A

A word and its inflected forms; the headword of a dictionary entry.

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37
Q

lexicon

A

The set of all lexemes in a language.

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38
Q

lexicology

A

The study of lexical items (words)

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39
Q

semantics

A

the (study of the) meanings of words.

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40
Q

“native” lexemes

A

A word that has been in the lexicon of a language throughout the history of the language.

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41
Q

borrowing

A

Process of adding new words to a lexicon by taking them from another language.

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42
Q

grammaticalization

A

a process by which the syntactic function of a lexeme becomes more important than its original meaning. Ex “a” used to just be a form of the numeral “one”

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43
Q

affixing (derivation)

A

the process of forming new words by adding affixes to bases Ex. adding affix “un” to “kind”, making “unkind”

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44
Q

Borrowing

A

Process of adding new words to a lexicon by taking them from another language.

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45
Q

Conversion (zero derivation, functional shift)

A

the process of forming a new lexeme by changing its word class without changing its form. Ex. the verb “empty” came from the adjective

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46
Q

loanwords

A

A word borrowed from another language.

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47
Q

compounds

A

A lexeme formed by combining two or more lexemes without changing their forms.

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48
Q

blends (portmanteau words)

A

combinations of two or more words that amalgamate. Ex motel= motor + hotel

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49
Q

back-formations

A

are the opposite of words formed by affixing they remove an affix to form a new word. Ex: deregulate is formed from deregulation

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50
Q

clipping

A

forms a new word by using only part of the original word phrase ex: exam from examination

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51
Q

acronyms

A

lexemes formed from the first letters of the words in a phrase, and pronounced as new words

52
Q

initialisms

A

lexemes formed from the first letters of the words in a phrase, but pronounced as a sequence of separate letters. SOB = son of a bitch

53
Q

calques

A

lexemes formed by translating each part of a phrase in another language ex: free verse from vers libre

54
Q

onomatopoeia

A

forms words that imitate the sounds they represent Ex: Clash, Cuckoo

55
Q

proper names

A

names for individuals, sometimes become words in the general lexicon Ex: Maverick (from Samuel Augustus Maverick), Tuxedo (from Tuxedo Park New York)

56
Q

reduplication

A

forms words by repeating a root, often with one sound changed. Ex: Chit-chat, criss-cross

57
Q

morphological misanalysis

A

forms new lexemes by analogy, but by misunderstanding the origins of the existing words. Ex Burger (originally clipped from Hamburg Steak, mistaken for ham+burger)

58
Q

root creation

A

the invention of a new lexeme from no previous forms. Ex: Nylon

59
Q

anglicised

A

Words changed from their original forms to fit the phonology of English

60
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of a lexeme

61
Q

semantic fields

A

sets of lexemes with related meanings

62
Q

usage

A

the ways in which speakers (and writers) are most likely to use a word

63
Q

taboo words

A

lexemes that speakers are expected to avoid in polite discourse

64
Q

register

A

the level of formality in usage

65
Q

slang

A

a very informal register of a language

66
Q

colloquial

A

an informal register of a language.

67
Q

writing

A

a static visual form of a language

68
Q

script

A

print, and digital text

69
Q

writing system

A

set of conventional written signs, or graphemes, used to communicate

70
Q

graphemes

A

conventional sign which forms the basic unit of a writing system

71
Q

syllabary

A

graphemes represent syllables

72
Q

alphabet

A

a writing system in which each grapheme represents a phoneme

73
Q

orthography

A

the written representation of language is called orthography

74
Q

diagraph

A

combination of two graphemes

75
Q

spelling reform

A

the attempt to improve the orthography of a language in some way

76
Q

diachronic variation

A

shows the differences in th language at different historical times

77
Q

synchronic variation

A

shows the difference in the language at the same historical time

78
Q

regional dialect

A

form of english spoken by inhabitants f a particular geographical area

79
Q

sociolect

A

form language used by members of a certain social class

80
Q

standard

A

associated with written form, high level of prestige, supported by powerful social institutions, learned through formal education

81
Q

vernacular

A

a language form used in everyday situations

82
Q

bidialectical

A

using a standard variety in some situations and vernacular in others

83
Q

dialect continuum

A

a group of language forms that are mutually intelligible to varying degrees

84
Q

language form

A

a dialect or language

85
Q

language contact

A

contact between people of different speech communities

86
Q

primary language

A

native language, the language that you think in

87
Q

secondary language

A

language you learn in addition to you primary language

88
Q

fluency

A

the level of punctuality in a language

89
Q

literacy

A

the ability to read and write fluently the usual written forms of a language

90
Q

primary speaker of a language

A

person who uses the language as their primary. Secondary is similar but with secondary language

91
Q

lingua franca

A

common language used by people from different linguistic backgrounds

92
Q

arolect

A

higher social status and formal education

93
Q

mesolect

A

lower social scale with differences from standard form

94
Q

basilect

A

low social class, strongly influenced by primary language

95
Q

occupational dialects

A

jargons, varieties of language that are specific to a particular type of activity

96
Q

Transcribed

A

replaced with modern forms

97
Q

Alliterative Verse

A

the rhythm depends on regular pattern of stressed syllables and the poetic lines are connected by the repetition of the initial sounds of the stressed syllables.

98
Q

Cognate

A

a word that has the same etymological root as a word in a related language, but developed independently

99
Q

protolanguage

A

a language that developed into other seperate forms

100
Q

cognate languages

A

language forms descended from a common protolangauge.

101
Q

language family

A

a group of cognate languages.

102
Q

proto-germanic

A

protolangauge of germanic languages

103
Q

proto-indo-european

A

protolanguage of the indo-european language family

104
Q

protoform

A

reconstructed that is the hypothetical root of the cognate forms in related languages

105
Q

Dialect leveling

A

A process by which differences between dialects are reduced.

106
Q

glossaries

A

Bilingual dictionaries

107
Q

inkhorn word

A

obscure loanwords meant to impress the reader. Borrowed from latin or greek Ex splendidious.

108
Q

print

A

The mechanical reproduction of written texts by the repeated application of an inked engraved object to a medium such as paper.

109
Q

do-support

A

the use of do as an auxiliary verb. Ex. deedes doe die vs. deeds die. Became an alternative way of marking negatives and questions. Supporting the sentence by adding do ex: do not

110
Q

hardword

A

a loanword from another language.

111
Q

manuscript

A

a document in which the text is written by hand, not printed by a machine

112
Q

scribe

A

a person who writes the text of a manuscript

113
Q

parchment

A

animal skin (usually of a sheep or calf) prepared as a writing surface

114
Q

exemplar

A

manuscript from which another manuscript is copied

115
Q

Autograph manuscripts

A

a manuscript in which the text is in the author’s own handwriting (as opposed to a copy made by a scribe)

116
Q

scriptorium

A

workshop for medieval manuscript book production

117
Q

declensions

A

noun, pronoun, or adjective inflection

118
Q

dual form

A

an inflectional form for a group of two

119
Q

conjugation

A

inflectional forms for verbs

120
Q

epithet

A

a descriptive phrase

121
Q

suppletion

A

replacement of some inflectional forms of a word with the equivalent forms of another word

122
Q

prepositional phrase

A

first word must be preposition ex: of the utmost precision

123
Q

reflex

A

later form of a word

124
Q

productive

A

actively creating new forms

125
Q

Kenning

A

In Old English poetry, a compact metaphor in the form of a short phrase or a compound word

ENG 212 (5 decks)

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