Vocab Flashcards
The study of the structure of body parts and thier relationship to one another (to “cut apart” in Greek)
Anatomy
The function of the body, how things work and carry out their duties
Physiology
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys, etc)
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
All structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc) in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time (abdomine or leg)
Regional Anatomy
Body structure is studied system by system
Systemic Anatomy
The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Surface Anatomy
The study of structures to small to be seen with the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of cells in the body
Cytology
The study of tissue
Histology
Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan
Developmental Anatomy
The study of developmental changes that occur before birth some highly specialized branches of anatomy used in medical diagnosis and scientific research
Embryology
The study of kidney functions and urine production
Renal Physiology
The study of how the nerves system works
Neurophysiology
The study of how the heart and blood vessels operate
Cardiovascular Physiology
Function always reflects structure or what a structure can do depends on its specific form
- bones can support and protect body organs
- blood flows in one direction through the heart
- various shapes of teeth reflect their different actions
Principle of Complementary of Structures and Function
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ Systems, and Organismal
6 Levels of the Human Body
Simplest level of structural hierarchy
Chemical Level
Examination of cells in the body
Cellular level
Groups of simular cells that have a common function and can only be used to administer that function
Tissue Level
Extremely complex functions can happen
- lungs, heart, stomach, etc
Organ Level
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
Organ Systems Level
Highest level of organization is the organism or human being
Organismal
Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness or Excitability, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth
Necessary Life Functions
The internal environment remains distant from the external environment
Maintaining Boundaries
The activities promoted by the muscular system like propelling, oneself from one place to another by running or swimming and manipulating the external environment with nimble fingures
Movement
Muscle cells ability to move by shortening at the cellular level (contracting)
Contractility
The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them
Responsiveness or Excitability
The breaking down of indigestible foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
Digestion
Broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the bodies cells
- how some people can digest food better than others
Metabolism
The process of removing wastes (excreta) from body
Excretion
Occurs at the cellular and organismal level
- cell dies and new ones are formed
Reproduction
An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole
Growth
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropreate Atmospheric Pressure
Survival Needs
Taken in via the diet, contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building
Nutrients
Helps organisms grow, reproduce, and turn food into energy
Oxygen
Must be maintained if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates
Normal Body Temperature
Force that air excerts on the surface of the body, breathing and gas exchange in lungs depends on this
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Homeostasis
The factor or event being regulated
Variable
First component, senser that moniters the environment
Recepter
Determines set point or level (range) at which a variable is to be maintained
Control Center
Carries out the control center’s responce to the stimulus
Effector
- most homeostatic control mechanisms
- in systems output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces intensity
- mechanisms cause variables to change in a direction opposite that of initial change, returning to the “ideal” value
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Example: Home heating system connected to temperature sensing thermostat
Negative Feedback Loop
- initial responce enhances original stimulus so further responces are even greater
- “positive” because the change that results proceds in the same direction as the initial change
- causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Example: Enhancement of labor contractions during birth and blood clotting
Positive Feedback Loop
Homeostasis is so important that most diseases can be reguarded as a result of its disturbance
Homeostatic Imbalance
Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
Directional Term
Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions
Regional Terms
The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively
Viscera or Visceral Organs
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane
Serosa or Serous Membrane
The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
Parietal Serosa
Parietal serosa folds in on itself to form this which covers the organs in the cavity
Visceral Serosa
The serous membranes are separated not by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid which is secreted by both membranes
Serous Fluid
The compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs
Mediastinium
The two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose
Insulin and Glucagon
Is released when there is high blood sugar and releases glucose from the liver to the blood
Insulin
Is released when there is low blood sugar and increases cells glucose intake
Glucagon
- blood sugar levels are unable to return to normal
> symptoms - excessive urination, excessive drinking/thirst, fatigue, unexplained weight loss
> treatment - insulin pumps, diet and exercise, drugs and medication
Glucose Homeostasis in Diabetes
