Vocab

Question 1

The study of the structure of body parts and thier relationship to one another (to “cut apart” in Greek)

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

The function of the body, how things work and carry out their duties

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (heart, lungs, kidneys, etc)

Answer 3

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

Question 4

All structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc) in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time (abdomine or leg)

Answer 4

Regional Anatomy

Question 5

Body structure is studied system by system

Answer 5

Systemic Anatomy

Question 6

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

Answer 6

Surface Anatomy

Question 7

The study of structures to small to be seen with the naked eye

Answer 7

Microscopic Anatomy

Question 8

Study of cells in the body

Answer 8

Cytology

Question 9

The study of tissue

Answer 9

Histology

Question 10

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan

Answer 10

Developmental Anatomy

Question 11

The study of developmental changes that occur before birth some highly specialized branches of anatomy used in medical diagnosis and scientific research

Answer 11

Embryology

Question 12

The study of kidney functions and urine production

Answer 12

Renal Physiology

Question 13

The study of how the nerves system works

Answer 13

Neurophysiology

Question 14

The study of how the heart and blood vessels operate

Answer 14

Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 15

Function always reflects structure or what a structure can do depends on its specific form
- bones can support and protect body organs
- blood flows in one direction through the heart
- various shapes of teeth reflect their different actions

Answer 15

Principle of Complementary of Structures and Function

Question 16

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ Systems, and Organismal

Answer 16

6 Levels of the Human Body

Question 17

Simplest level of structural hierarchy

Answer 17

Chemical Level

Question 18

Examination of cells in the body

Answer 18

Cellular level

Question 19

Groups of simular cells that have a common function and can only be used to administer that function

Answer 19

Tissue Level

Question 20

Extremely complex functions can happen
- lungs, heart, stomach, etc

Answer 20

Organ Level

Question 21

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Answer 21

Organ Systems Level

Question 22

Highest level of organization is the organism or human being

Answer 22

Organismal

Question 23

Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness or Excitability, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

Answer 23

Necessary Life Functions

Question 24

The internal environment remains distant from the external environment

Answer 24

Maintaining Boundaries

Question 25

The activities promoted by the muscular system like propelling, oneself from one place to another by running or swimming and manipulating the external environment with nimble fingures

Answer 25

Movement

Question 26

Muscle cells ability to move by shortening at the cellular level (contracting)

Answer 26

Contractility

Question 27

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

Answer 27

Responsiveness or Excitability

Question 28

The breaking down of indigestible foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Answer 28

Digestion

Question 29

Broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the bodies cells - how some people can digest food better than others

Answer 29

Metabolism

Question 30

The process of removing wastes (excreta) from body

Answer 30

Excretion

Question 31

Occurs at the cellular and organismal level - cell dies and new ones are formed

Answer 31

Reproduction

Question 32

An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

Answer 32

Growth

Question 33

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropreate Atmospheric Pressure

Answer 33

Survival Needs

Question 34

Taken in via the diet, contain chemical substances used for energy and cell building

Answer 34

Nutrients

Question 35

Helps organisms grow, reproduce, and turn food into energy

Answer 35

Oxygen

Question 36

Must be maintained if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates

Answer 36

Normal Body Temperature

Question 37

Force that air excerts on the surface of the body, breathing and gas exchange in lungs depends on this

Answer 37

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Question 38

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

Answer 38

Homeostasis

Question 39

The factor or event being regulated

Answer 39

Variable

Question 40

First component, senser that moniters the environment

Answer 40

Recepter

Question 41

Determines set point or level (range) at which a variable is to be maintained

Answer 41

Control Center

Question 42

Carries out the control center's responce to the stimulus

Answer 42

Effector

Question 43

- most homeostatic control mechanisms - in systems output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces intensity - mechanisms cause variables to change in a direction opposite that of initial change, returning to the "ideal" value

Answer 43

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

Question 44

Example: Home heating system connected to temperature sensing thermostat

Answer 44

Negative Feedback Loop

Question 45

- initial responce enhances original stimulus so further responces are even greater - "positive" because the change that results proceds in the same direction as the initial change - causes the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range

Answer 45

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Question 46

Example: Enhancement of labor contractions during birth and blood clotting

Answer 46

Positive Feedback Loop

Question 47

Homeostasis is so important that most diseases can be reguarded as a result of its disturbance

Answer 47

Homeostatic Imbalance

Question 48

Allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Answer 48

Directional Term

Question 49

Used to designate specific areas within these major body divisions

Answer 49

Regional Terms

Question 50

The ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively

Answer 50

Viscera or Visceral Organs

Question 51

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin double layered membrane

Answer 51

Serosa or Serous Membrane

Question 52

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

Answer 52

Parietal Serosa

Question 53

Parietal serosa folds in on itself to form this which covers the organs in the cavity

Answer 53

Visceral Serosa

Question 54

The serous membranes are separated not by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid which is secreted by both membranes

Answer 54

Serous Fluid

Question 55

The compartment that runs the length of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs of the lungs

Answer 55

Mediastinium

Question 56

The two hormones counterbalance each other to stabilize blood glucose

Answer 56

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 57

Is released when there is high blood sugar and releases glucose from the liver to the blood

Answer 57

Insulin

Question 58

Is released when there is low blood sugar and increases cells glucose intake

Answer 58

Glucagon

Question 59

- blood sugar levels are unable to return to normal > symptoms - excessive urination, excessive drinking/thirst, fatigue, unexplained weight loss > treatment - insulin pumps, diet and exercise, drugs and medication

Answer 59

Glucose Homeostasis in Diabetes