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Principles of Animal Nutrition > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Abomasum

A

the fourth compartment of a ruminant’s stomach, which has functions similar to that of the glandular stomach of non-ruminants

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2
Q

Absorption

A

the movement of nutrients (or other compounds) from the digestive tract (or through other tissues such as the skin) into the blood and/or lymph system

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3
Q

Acetic acid (acetate)

A

one of the volatile fatty acids commonly found in silage, rumen contents, and vinegar as a result of microbial fermentation

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4
Q

Additive

A

an ingredient or combination of ingredients added in small quantities to a basic feed mix for the purpose of fortifying the basic mix with trace nutrients, medicines, or drugs

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5
Q

ADF

A

acid detergent fiber; the fraction of a feedstuff not soluble by acid detergent; roughly comparable to crude fiber plus lignin

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6
Q

Ad libitum

A

unrestricted consumption of feed or water

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7
Q

Alimentary

A

having to do with feed or water

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8
Q

Alimentary tract

A

a term synonymous with the digestive or gastrointestinal tract

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9
Q

Amino acids

A

the simplest organic structure of which proteins are formed; all have the common property of containing a carboxyl group and an amino group on the adjacent carbon atom

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10
Q

Amino acids, essential

A

amino acids that must be present in the diet; they include arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

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11
Q

Amino acids, nonessential

A

amino acids that are found in common proteins but may be partly or completely synthesized by the animal’s tissues; they include alanine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, and tyrosine

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12
Q

Amylase

A

any of several enzymes that can hydrolyze starch to maltose or glucose

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13
Q

Antibiotic

A

a substance produced by one microorganism that has an inhibitory effect on another organism

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14
Q

Antioxidant

A

a substance that inhibits the oxidation of other compounds

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15
Q

Antivitamin

A

a substance that interferes with the synthesis or metabolism of a vitamin

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16
Q

Anus

A

the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract

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17
Q

As fed

A

as commonly used by the animal

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18
Q

Ash

A

the residue remaining after complete incineration of 500°C to 600˚C of a feed or animal tissue. Only metallic oxides or contaminants such as soil should remain

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19
Q

Balanced ration (or diet)

A

a combination of feeds that provides the essential nutrients in the required proportions

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20
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the basal metabolism expressed in kilocalories per unit of body size; the heat production of an animal during physical, digestive, and emotional rest

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21
Q

Beriberi

A

a deficiency (acute) of thiamine, one of the B-complex vitamins

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22
Q

Bile

A

a secretion from the liver containing metabolites such as cholesterol and bile acids, which aid in the digestion of fats

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23
Q

Biological value

A

the efficiency with which a protein furnishes the required amounts of essential amino acids; usually expressed as a percentage

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24
Q

Bomb calorimeter

A

an instrument used for measuring the gross energy (GE) content of any material that will burn

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25
Q

Butyric acid (butyrate)

A

one of the volatile fatty acids commonly found in rumen contents and in poor-quality silages

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26
Q

Calorie

A

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water from 14.5°C to 15.5˚C

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27
Q

Calorimeter

A

the equipment used to measure the heat generated in a system

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28
Q

Carbohydrate

A

organic substance containing C, H, and O, with the H and O present in the same proportions as in water. Many different kinds are found in plant tissues; some are vital to animal metabolism

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29
Q

Carotene

A

a yellow organic compound that is the precursor of vitamin A

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30
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that changes the rate of a chemical but is not itself used up in the reaction The use of platinum in hydrogenating unsaturated fats is an example

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31
Q

Cecum (caecum)

A

a blind pouch located at the junction of the small intestine with the colon (the appendix in humans); it is part of the large intestine

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32
Q

Cellulose

A

a polymer of glucose molecules that is resistant to hydrolysis by most digestive enzymes (except some produced by microorganisms)

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33
Q

Cholesterol

A

the most common member of the sterol group found in blood and many other animal tissues; not present in any plant tissues

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34
Q

Cholic acid

A

a family of steroids comprising the bile acids; they are derived from metabolism of cholesterol by the liver

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35
Q

Chyme

A

a semiliquid material produced by the action of gastric juice on ingested food

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36
Q

Chymotrypsin

A

a proteolytic digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas

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37
Q

Coenzyme

A

an organic molecule required by some enzymes to produce enzymatic activity; vitamin coenzymes include niacin, pyridoxine, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid

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38
Q

Colon

A

part of the large intestine; divided into the transverse, descending, and ascending segments

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39
Q

Complete feed

A

a single mixture used as the only source of food for an animal

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40
Q

Concentrate

A

any feed containing relatively low levels of fiber (20% or less) and with 60% or more total digestible nutrients (TDN). Opposite of roughage; or a concentrated source of one or more nutrients used to supplement a feed mix

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41
Q

Crude fat

A

the portion of feed (or other material) that is soluble in ether; also referred to as ether extracts

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42
Q

Crude fiber

A

the fibrous, less digestible portion of a feed

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43
Q

Crude protein

A

total ammoniacal nitrogen x 6.25, based on the fact that feed protein, on the average, contains 16% nitrogen; many nonprotein nitrogen compounds may be included

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44
Q

Cud

A

the solid mass of ingesta regurgitated and remasticated in the process of rumination (synonymous with bolus)

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45
Q

Deamination

A

removal of the amino group from an amino acid

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46
Q

Defluorination

A

having the fluorine content reduced to a level that is nontoxic under normal feed use

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47
Q

Degradation

A

conversion of a chemical compound to one that is less complex

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48
Q

Dextrin

A

an intermediate polysaccharide product obtained during starch hydrolysis

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49
Q

Diet

A

a regulated selection or mixture of feedstuffs provided on a continuous or prescribed schedule

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50
Q

Digestibility, apparent

A

the percentage of a feed or nutrient that is apparently absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract as indicated by intake minus fecal output; it differs from true digestibility in that feces contain substances derived from the body, many microbial products, and various secretions, as well as undigested food

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51
Q

Digestibility, true

A

the percentage of a feed nutrient actually absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract

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52
Q

Digestion

A

the process involved in preparing food for absorption

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53
Q

Disaccharide

A

any of several dimers (contains two simple sugars); for example, sucrose (common table sugar) yields glucose and fructose

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54
Q

Dispensable amino acid

A

synonymous with nonessential amino acid

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55
Q

Dry matter

A

the portion of a feed or tissue remaining after water is removed by drying in an oven

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56
Q

Duodenum

A

the first segment of the small intestine

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57
Q

Emulsifier

A

a material capable of causing fat or oils to remain in liquid suspension

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58
Q

Emulsify

A

to disperse small drops of liquid into another liquid

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59
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein formed in plant or animal cells that acts as an organic catalyst

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60
Q

Ergosterol

A

a sterol found chiefly in plant tissues; on exposure to ultraviolet irradiation, it becomes vitamin D

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61
Q

Eructation

A

belching of gas by ruminants as a normal means of expelling gases of fermentation

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62
Q

Esophagus

A

the passageway (tube) from the mouth to the stomach

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63
Q

Excreta

A

the products of excretion, primarily feces and urine

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64
Q

Fat soluble

A

soluble in fats and fat solvents but generally not soluble in water

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65
Q

Feed

A

any material used as food by an animal; same as feedstuff

66
Q

Fermentation

A

chemical changes brought about by various microorganisms

67
Q

Fibrous

A

high in content of cellulous and/or lignin (or in cell walls of NDF; neutral detergent fiber)

68
Q

Fistula

A

an abnormal passage from some part of the body to another part or the exterior, sometimes surgically inserted

69
Q

Forage

A

crops used as pasture, hay, haylage, silage, or green chop for feeding animals

70
Q

Fructose

A

a six-carbon monosaccharide; one of the components of sucrose

71
Q

Galactose

A

a six-carbon monosaccharide; one of the components of lactose

72
Q

Gallbladder

A

a membranous sac attached to the liver of farm livestock (except the horse) in which bile is stored

73
Q

Gastric juice

A

a clear liquid secreted by the wall of the stomach; it contains HCl and the enzymes rennin, pepsin, and gastric lipase

74
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

pertaining to the stomach and intestine

75
Q

Glucose

A

a six-carbon monosaccharide found in the blood and as a component of sucrose and maltose and other sugars

76
Q

Glycerol

A

an alcohol containing three carbons and three hydroxyl groups; a component of fat

77
Q

Glycogen

A

a polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles as a reserve form of quickly available energy

78
Q

Goiter

A

an enlargement of the thyroid gland sometimes caused by an iodine deficiency

79
Q

Gross energy

A

the total heat of combustible material burned in a bomb calorimeter

80
Q

Heat increment

A

the heat that is unavoidably produced by an animal incidental with nutrient digestion and utilization

81
Q

Hydrogenation

A

the chemical addition of hydrogen to any unsaturated compound (double bond), often to fatty acids

82
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical process whereby a compound is split into simpler units with the uptake of water

83
Q

Hypervitaminosis

A

an abnormal condition resulting from the intake of (or treatment with) an excess of one or more vitamins

84
Q

Ileum

A

the third section of the small intestine

85
Q

Ingest

A

to take into the mouth

86
Q

Insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas into the blood; it is involved in regulation and utilization of blood glucose

87
Q

Intestinal tract

A

the small and large intestines

88
Q

Jejunum

A

the middle portion of the small intestine

89
Q

Kcal

A

an abbreviation for kilocalorie; 1,000 calories

90
Q

Ketone

A

a group of chemicals that includes acetone, acetoacetate acid, and betahydroxy butyric acid; they are produced in excess when carbohydrate metabolism is low and fat is being metabolized for energy

91
Q

Lactase

A

an enzyme present in the intestinal juice that acts on lactose to produce glucose and galactose

92
Q

Lactic acid

A

an organic acid commonly found in sour milk and silage; it is important in the body during anaerobic glycolysis

93
Q

Lignin

A

a biologically unavailable polymer that is a major structural component of the cell wall of plants

94
Q

Linoleic acid

A

an 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid; one of the essential fatty acids; it occurs widely in plant glycerides

95
Q

Lipase

A

a fat-splitting enzyme; different lipases are produced by the stomach and pancreas

96
Q

Lipids

A

substances that are diverse in chemical nature but are soluble in fat solvents

97
Q

Lymph

A

the slightly yellow transparent fluid occupying the lymphatic channels of the body

98
Q

Macrominerals

A

the major minerals (in terms of the amounts required in the diet or found in body tissues): calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S).

99
Q

Malnutrition

A

an overall term for poor nourishment

100
Q

Maltase

A

an enzyme that splits maltose to produce two molecules of glucose

101
Q

Megacalorie (Mcal)

A

1,000 kcal or 1 million calories; synonymous with therm

102
Q

Metabolic size

A

the body weight raised to the ¾ power (W0.75); a means of relating body weight to heat production of an animal

103
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all the physical and chemical processes taking place in a living organism

104
Q

Metabolite

A

any compound produced during metabolism

105
Q

Metabolizable energy (ME)

A

digestible energy minus the energy of the urine and combustible gases from the gastrointestinal tract (primarily methane)

106
Q

Methane

A

a major product of anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates; found in the rumen

107
Q

Microminerals

A

the trace elements required by animal tissues that must be in the diet: cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn). Synonymous with trace minerals.

108
Q

Minerals

A

as applied to animal nutrition, elements that are essential to the plant or animal and that are found in its tissues

109
Q

Miscible

A

capable of being mixed easily with another substance

110
Q

Monogastric

A

the simple stomach; often applied to nonruminant animals, but technically a misnomer because ruminants have only one stomach with four compartments

111
Q

Monosaccharide

A

any one of several simple sugars

112
Q

Mucosa

A

the membranes that line the passages and cavities of the body

113
Q

Mucus

A

a slimy liquid secreted by the mucous glands and membranes

114
Q

NDF

A

neutral detergent fiber; the fraction containing mostly cell wall constituents of low biological value

115
Q

Net energy (NE)

A

metabolizable energy minus the heat increment

116
Q

NFE

A

nitrogen free extract; consists primarily of readily available carbohydrates such as sugars and starches; part of proximate analysis

117
Q

Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN)

A

any one of a group of nitrogen-containing compounds that are not true proteins that can be precipitated from a solution; ammonia and urea are examples

118
Q

Nutrient

A

any chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body

119
Q

Oil

A

usually a mixture of pure fats that is liquid at room temperature

120
Q

Oleic acid

A

an 18-carbon fatty acid that contains one double bond; it is found in animal and vegetable fat

121
Q

Omasum

A

the third compartment of the ruminant stomach

122
Q

Oxidation

A

the union of a substance with oxygen; the increase of positive charges on an atom or loss of negative charges

123
Q

Palmitic acid

A

a saturated fatty acid with 16 carbon atoms

124
Q

Pancreas

A

an organ located near the stomach; it produces pancreatic juice, which is secreted into the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. It is also an endocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon, hormones that control metabolism of glucose

125
Q

Pentosan

A

a polysaccharide made up primarily of five-carbon sugars; araban and xylan are examples

126
Q

Pentose

A

a five-carbon sugar such as arabinose, xylose, or ribose

127
Q

Pepsin

A

a proteolytic enzyme produced by the stomach

128
Q

Propionic acid (propionate)

A

one of the volatile fatty acids commonly found in rumen contents

129
Q

Protein

A

any of many complex organic compounds formed from various combinations of amino acids and, sometimes, other nonprotein components

130
Q

Proximate analysis

A

a combination of analytical procedures used to describe feeds, excreta, and other agricultural products

131
Q

Ration

A

a fixed portion of feed, usually expressed as the amount of a diet allowed daily

132
Q

Rennin

A

a milk curdling enzyme present in the gastric juice of young mammals

133
Q

Reticular groove

A

a muscular structure at the lower end of the esophagus that, when closed, forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum; sometimes referred to as the esophageal groove

134
Q

Reticulum

A

the first compartment of the ruminant stomach

135
Q

Rumen

A

the second compartment of the ruminant stomach

136
Q

Ruminant

A

any of a group of hooved mammals that has a four-compartmented stomach and that chew a cud while ruminating

137
Q

Rumination

A

the process of regurgitating previously eaten feed, reswallowing the liquids, and rechewing the solids (cud)

138
Q

Satiety

A

the condition of being fully satisfied with food; the opposite of hunger

139
Q

Saturated fat

A

a fat that contains no fatty acids with double bonds

140
Q

Starch

A

a polysaccharide that yields glucose on hydrolysis; found in high concentrations in most seed grains

141
Q

Stearic acid

A

an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid

142
Q

Sterol

A

an alcohol of high molecular weight, such as cholesterol; a basic compound used to synthesize many vital chemicals for both plants and animals

143
Q

Stomach

A

the part of the digestive tract in which chemical digestion is initiated in most animal species. It normally lies between the esophagus and the small intestine

144
Q

Sucrose

A

a disaccharide (common table sugar) composed of one molecule each of glucose and fructose

145
Q

TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

A

a value that indicates the relative energy value for a feed for an animal

146
Q

Thyroxine

A

an iodine-containing hormone that is produced by the thyroid gland

147
Q

Triglycerides (fat)

A

an ester composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

148
Q

True protein

A

a precipitable protein rather than any of several nonprotein compounds

149
Q

Trypsin

A

a proteolytic digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas

150
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

a fat containing from one to three fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds

151
Q

Urea

A

the chief end product of protein metabolism in mammals; one of the main nitrogenous constituents in urine; a synthetic product sometimes used as a nitrogen source in rations for ruminants

152
Q

Urease

A

an enzyme that acts on urea to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia; it is present in numerous microorganisms in the rumen

153
Q

Uremia

A

a toxic accumulation of urinary constituents in the blood due to faulty kidney excretion

154
Q

Uric acid

A

a nitrogenous end product of purine metabolism; it is the principal nitrogen-containing component in urine of birds

155
Q

VFA

A

volatile fatty acids; acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid

156
Q

Villi

A

small threadlike projections attached to the interior of the wall of the small intestine to increase its absorptive surface area (singular: villus)

157
Q

Viscera

A

the organs of the great cavities of the body, which are removed at slaughter

158
Q

Vitamin

A

one of a group of organic substances that is essential in small amounts for the lives of animals

159
Q

Vitamins, fat soluble

A

vitamins soluble in fats. This group includes vitamins A, D2, D3, E (tocopherol), and K

160
Q

Vitamins, water soluble

A

vitamins soluble in water. This group includes ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and the B complex: biotin, choline, cobalamin or cyanocobalamin, folacin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine

Principles of Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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