Quiz and test review Flashcards
Which of the following is true of the reticulum?
A) It is glandular
B) The main function is the absorption of water
C) One of the main functions is to aid in rumination
D) all of the above
E) None of the above
C) one of the main functions is to aid in rumination.
Which of the following is correct?
A) Amylolytic microbes digest both starch and protein.
B) Microbial fermentation produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
C) Fermentation works best with the presence of oxygen
D) All of the above
E) None of the above?
B) Microbial fermentation produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
The following hormone(s) is/are secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine?
A) Secretin B) CCK C) Insulin D) All of the above E) None of the above
E) none of the above
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the first one-third of the small intestine?
A) Secretin B) Insulin C) Glucagon D) All of the above E) None of the above
A) Secretin
The following is correct as it pertains to the horse’s stomach?
A) Functions best at two-thirds capacity
B) Is small compared to the rest of the horse’s GIT
C) Is small compared to the stomach of the cow
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
The pig’s stomach secretes which of the following?
A) Gastrin and sodium bicarbonate B) Pepsin and secretin C) Gastrin and pepsinogen D) All of the above E) None of the above
C) Gastrin and pepsinogen
Chemical digestion of nutrients includes which of the following?
A) Mastication, HCL, and enzymes B) Mastication, HCL, and Peristalsis C) Mastication, HCL, and bacteria D) All of the above E) None of the above
E) None of the above
True or False?
Food particles are completely digested and absorbed before they reach the “true stomach” of the sheep.
False
True or false?
The proventriculus, the abomasum, and the monogastric stomach are all considered “glandular”,
True
True or False?
Although the hindgut portion of the horse’s GIT makes up the majority of the GIT, it is only responsible for a small portion of the absorption of nutrients.
True
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to water?
A) Most animal tissues contain more water than does blood
B) The high latent heat of evaporation of water results in heat loss from the animal
C) The high specific heat of the water and the high latent heat of evaporation of water both cause an animal’s internal temperature to rise.
D) All of the above
E) None of the Above
B) The high latent heat of evaporation of water results in heat loss from the animal.
Functions of water include which of the following?
A) Gives the cell shape B) Acts as a lubricant C) Regulates temperature D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to enzymes?
A) Enzymes that are catalysts are not usually protein based
B) Lactate dehydrogenase is needed for lactate to be converted to pyruvate
C) The conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate requires a lyase enzyme
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) lactate dehydrogenase is needed for lactate to be converted to pyruvate
True or False?
Your mature cow weighs 1000lb and loses 50lb in body water. She should be okay as long as she gets water as soon as possible.
False
True or False?
First and second-order reaction rates are both proportional to the amount of substrate present.
False
True or False?
An animal that is eating young, lush ryegrass pasture would likely need to drink less water than an animal eating hay.
True
True or false?
Fats produce more grams of water upon oxidation than do carbohydrates and proteins.
True
True or False?
The basic function of enzymes is to increase the speed of reactions (up to 10^6) so that metabolism can proceed in order to sustain life.
True
True or False?
The transfer of hydrogen atoms requires an oxidoreductase enzyme.
True
True or False?
The lock and key model of enzyme specificity require that the enzyme’s conformation change in response to the pancreas of a substrate in order for the enzyme-substrate complex to form.
False
An example of a proteinaceous roughage would be:
A) Straw B) Corn C) Legume Hay D) All of the above E) None of the above
C) Legume Hay
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to mold?
A) Young animals are more sensitive to mold than older animals
B) High moisture increases the chance for mold growth
C) Subclinical toxicity from mold can be a real problem
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Feed quality can be affected by which of the following?
A) Weather or not a digestion or balance trial has been conducted on the feed
B) Presence of foreign material in the feed
C) Whether it is considered a forage or roughage
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) Presence of foreign material in the feed
True or False?
Forages and roughages typically have a high fiber content and a high net energy content but they tend to be low in protein.
False
True or False?
Fish meal is classified as a protein supplement in the International Feed Nomenclature System.
True
True or False?
Carbonaceous concentrates and proteinaceous carbohydrates are both characterized as being high in energy and protein.
False
True or False?
Fodder typically refers to corn or sorghum grown specifically as a forage?
True
True or False?
Balance trials and digestion trials typically provide the same information on feed quality and quantity?
False
True or False?
The Feed Additive Compendium suggests criteria for determining whether we should feed spoiled food to our livestock, including horses?
False
True or False?
Proximate Analysis is the most common method of determining the grading system of a feed.
False
A hormone that originates in the pyloric cells of the stomach and causes the release of digestive enzymes. It also functions to stimulate the production of HCL and pepsinogen, plus stimulates stomach motility.
A) Gastrin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Secretin
D) None of the above
A) Gastrin
The ____ receives secretions from the Brunner’s gland, pancreas, and liver to help with digestion.
A) Ileum B) Jejunum C) Duodenum D) All of the above E) None of the above
C) Duodenum
Products of fermentation in the rumen include:
A) B vitamins B) Methane C) Microbial Crude Protein D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
B vitamins, methane, and Microbial crude protein
____ measure feed consumption and fecal excretion over a period of time.
A) Chemical analysis B) Balance Trials C) Digestion Trials D) Feeding Trials E) None of the above
C) Digestion trials
Chemical equilibrium occurs when there is a constant ratio between ___ and ___.
A) Gibbs free energy and substrate energy
B) Concentration of substrate and concentration of product
C) reaction rate and activation energy
D) None of the above
B) concentration of substrate and concentration of product.
A hormone that originates in the cells along the wall of the duodenum in response to the presence of chyme and acid. It functions largely to release pancreatic juice and decrease both stomach motility and acid function.
A) Gastrin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Secretin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
C) Secretin
___ are high in energy and low in fiber (<18% CF), low in protein (<20% CP) with protein quality being variable and generally low, fair in phosphorous, low in calcium, low in vitamins A and D, high in thiamin and low in riboflavin, B12, and pantothenic acid.
A) Carbonaceous concentrates
B) Proteiaceous concentrates
C) Carbonaceous roughages
D) Proteinaceous roughages
A) Carbonaceous concentrates
The water produced as an end product of oxidation of energy is known as:
A) Waste Water
B) Metabolic Water
C) Body Water
D) Metallic Water
B) Metabolic Water
Considered to be the glandular stomach of poultry. It secretes gastric juices and HCL.
A) Crop
B) Proventriculus
C) Cloaca
D) Gizzard
B) Proventriculus
___ are feed materials that are low in energy, contain >18% crude fiber, and <70% total digestible nutrients.
A) Carbonaceous concentrates B) Proteinaceous Concentrates C) Roughages D) Supplements E) None of the above
C) Roughages
___ is an organic or Metallo-organic molecule which acts as a transient carrier of specific functional groups.
A) Cofactor B) Coenzyme C) Enzyme Buddy D) Both A and C E) None of the above
B) Coenzyme
Hormone secreted from the pancreas during and following a meal (when blood glucose levels increase) to stimulate glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells.
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Both insulin and glucagon
D) Neither insulin or glucagon
A) Insulin
The sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissues.
A) Digestion B) Metabolism C) Absorption D) Excretion E) None of the above
B) Metabolism
Hormone secreted from the pancreas between meals or during fasting (when blood glucose levels decrease) to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and to convert amino acids and lactic acid to glucose through gluconeogenesis.
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Both insulin and glucagon
D) Neither insulin or glucagon
B) Glucagon
___ catalyze the transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, or electrons from one molecule to another.
A) Oxidoreductase B) Transferases C) Hydrolases D) Lyases E) None of the above
A) Oxidoreductases
The basic function of an enzyme is to:
A) Increase the velocity of a metabolic reaction
B) Alter the appearance of final products of a reaction
C) Decrease the velocity of a metabolic reaction
D) Degrade coenzymes and cofactors during a reaction
A) Increase the velocity of a metabolic reaction
Preferable conditions for evaporative heat loss include:
A) air movement B) Plenty of combustible water C) High relative Humidity D) Both A and B E) Both B and C
D) Both A and B
Air movement and Plenty of consumable water
In the monogastric stomach, the __ contains cells that produce mucous and some proteolytic enzymes.
A) Cardia B) Pyloric gland region C) Esophageal region D) Pylorus E) None of the above
B) Pyloric gland region
Synthesis of complex compounds from simpler substances is referred to as:
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism C) Absorption D) Kinetics E) None of the above
A) Anabolism
Known for its “many plies”, it moves from reticulum to abomasum, absorbs water, reduces particle size and continues to grind roughages.
A) rumen
B) Esophagus
C) Omasum
D) none of the above
C) Omasum
The __ is an active site of nutrient absorption; including the absorption of amino acids, sugar molecules, fatty acids, and glycerol.
A) Ileum
B) Jejum
C) Duodenum
D) None of the above
B) Jejunum
Degradation of complex compounds to simpler substances is referred to as:
A) Anabolism B) Catabolism C) Absorption D) Excretion E) None of the above
B) catabolism
__ Catalyze intramolecular rearrangement; i.e. they change the position of a functional group within a molecule without changing the number and kind of atoms.
A) Oxidoreductases B) Lyases C) Transferases D) Isomers E) None of the above
D) Isomers
Biological properties of water include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) High surface tension
B) High Specific Heat
C) Non-polar solvent
D) None of the above
C) Non-polar solvent
Salivary glands secrete:
A) water B) Mucin C) Bicarbonate Salts D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Water Mucin Bicarbonate salts
A component of feed that aids in the support of life.
A) Feed
B) Nutrient
C) Feedstuff
D) None of the above
B) Nutrient
The Liver is responsible for the production of bile salts which function to:
A) Emulsify Fats B) Neutralize acidic chyme C) Active Lipase D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Emulsify fats Neutralize acidic chyme Active Lipase
An animal can lose approximately __ of their body water before approaching death from dehydration.
A) 1-2% B) 5-8% C) 40-50% D) 90+% E) None of the above
B) 5-8%
True or False
Sulfates and nitrates are completely safe at any level in drinking water.
False
True or False
Generally, feedstuffs do not provide a suitable medium for various molds and fungi, given growth and temperature conditions do not allow growth to occur.
True
True or False
Fermentation of feedstuffs occurs in the gizzard of the poultry.
False
True or False
Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrates results in the production of more metabolic water than oxidation of one gram of fat.
False
True or False
Enzymes work by increasing the reaction rate through lowering the activation energy and changing chemical equilibrium
False
True or False
The percentage of body water increases with animal age and has a direct relationship with body fat.
False
True or False
Many different environmental situations can cause damage to and reduce the feeding value of feedstuffs.
True
True or False
The esophagus in ruminants allows for two-way movement so they can regurgitate feedstuffs.
True
True or False
Roughages should be added in large amounts to swine diets.
False
True or False
The large intestine of the horse comprises approximately 60% of its gastrointestinal tract.
True
True or False
Chickens and pigs are omnivores.
True
True or False
Livestock have the ability to tolerate larger amounts of minerals and other compounds in their drinking water than humans do.
True
True or False
Feed costs account for 50-80% of production costs depending on livestock species.
True
True or False
Roughages are more variable in nutritive content and acceptability than concentrates due to variation in stage of maturity and harvesting and storage procedures,
True
True or False
The majority of enzymes are proteins with a large 3D structure.
True
True or False
The microbial population of the rumen changes based on the diet the animal has at that time.
True
True or False
Water balance is largely regulated by osmoreceptors in the brain that communicate with the hypothalamus and pituitary.
True
True or False
All feed is that is ingested gets utilized in the body.
False
True or False
Most enzymes are much larger than their substrates, and only a small portion of the enzyme, the active site, is directly involved in catalysis.
True
True or False
Minerals are considered the inorganic component of feeds.
True
True or False
Genotype and breed of animal do not influence water requirements.
False
True or False
Each enzyme has a specific optimal and pH range.
True
Which of the following is correct?
A) 1 GTP produces a similar amount of energy as 1 ATP
B) The brain has an absolute requirement for glucose
C) The liver can use lactate to “remake” glucose as needed
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is correct concerning dissacharies?
A) Cellulose is two glucose units that are connected by alpha linkages.
B) Table sugar is broken down via sucrase from the brush border of the small intestine.
C) Glycogen is a good source of glucose.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) Table sugar is broken down via sucrase from the brush border of the small intestine
Active Transport:
A) Requires both a carrier protein and ATP for it to occur
B) Moves compounds from a high to a low concentration gradient
C) Couples with most vitamins to transport compounds out of the cell
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A) Requires both a carrier protein and ATP for it to occur
Which of the following describes glucose?
A) It is transported into liver cells via GLUT2 even when insulin is low
B) It can be made from non-6-Carbon sugars in the ruminant.
C) It is converted to several intermediates via glycolysis before being converted t pyruvate
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
True or False
Glucose is a 6-carbon hexose that is readily digested by enzymes in the small intestine regardless of whether they have alpha or beta linkages.
False
True or False
Cellulose is the primary polymer of glucose units that is found in the plant kingdom.
True
True or False
Digestion of carbohydrates in the pig is a two-step process involving microbial attachment.
False
True or False
Glycolysis produces an equilivant amount of energy as does the Krebs Cycle.
False
True or False
Circulating glucose can be broken down and used for energy or stored in the body as glycogen or fat.
True
True or False
The Krebs Cycle and TCA Cycle are both referring to the same metabolic pathway for the production of energy from glucose.
True
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to dietary protein?
A) the position of the carboxyl group influences both its structure and composition.
B) The branched-chain amino acids that make up dietary protein typically have aromantic rings
C) A water molecule is formed with each peptide bond that is formed between the amino acids that make up the protein
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
C) A water molecule is formed with each peptide bond that is formed between the amino acids that make up the protein
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to urea?
A) It can be fed to make MCP in ruminants
B) It is a cheap source of nitrogen that can be fed to ruminants to be converted to MCP
C) It should never be fed to horses because it is toxic to them
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
True or False?
Glycoproteins are considered conjugated because they are simple proteins with a nonprotein nitrogen attached
False
True or False?
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines what level of structure a protein has which will determine its function
True
True or False?
Nitrogen recycling via saliva can account for up to 50% of the nitrogen that never makes it to the rumen
False
True or False?
Amino acids can be deaminated to form ammonia and a carbon skeleton but the ammonia cannot be used by the ruminant and must be excreted in the urine.
False
True or False?
Protein is both metabolically and financially the most expensive nutrient
True
True or False?
Transamination is the process in which essential amino acids are made from ammonia.
False
True or False?
Urea is a good source of low-cost protein fed to both cattle and horses.
False
True or False?
Glucogenic acids can be used to make glucose
True
The nutritionally most important D-aldose:
A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Ribose D) Fructose E) None of the above
A) Glucose
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose:
A) Glycogenesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) none of the above
C) Glycogenolysis
Which of the following is true of extracellular carbohydrate digestion by microbes in the rumen:
A) Formation of VFA from glucose
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose
Which of the following lists carbohydrates in the order of most easily digestible for ruminant species?
A) Sugars (Mono-And Disaccharides), Starches, Cellulose
B) Starches, Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides), Cellulose
C) Cellulose, Starches, Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides)
D) Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides), Cellulose, Starches
A) Sugars (Mono-And Disaccharides), Starches, Cellulose
Products of carbohydrate metabolism include:
A) Immediate energy in the form of glucose
B) Stored energy in the form of glycogen
C) Amino acid precursors
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following tissues are capable of gluconeogenesis?
A) Liver
B) Kidney cortex
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
C) Both A and B
Glycogenesis occurs in what tissues during times of excess glucose supplies?
A) Liver B) Skeletal muscle C) Kidney D) Both A and B E) Both A and C
E) Both A and C
Increased rates of lipogenesis is more commonly seen in:
A) Monogastrics being fed diets low in carbohydrates
B) Monogastrics being fed diets high in carbohydrates
C) Ruminants being fed diets low in carbohydrates
D) Ruminants being fed diets high in carbohydrates
B) Monogastrics being fed diets high in carbohydrates
The average protein N content is assumed to be:
A) 6.25% B) 16% C) 1.6% D) 10% E) None of the above
B) 16%
The Nutritionally most important D-ketose:
A) Glucose B) Galactose C) Ribose D) Fructose E) None of the above
D) Fructose
In monogastrics, chemical protein digestion begins where?
A) Mouth B) Stomach C) Small Intestine D) Rumen E) None of the above
B) Stomach
Which hormone stimulates pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion into the small intestine from the pancreatic acinar cells?
A) Secretin B) Pepsinogen C) Cholecystokinin D) Pepsin E) None of the above
C) cholecystokinin
Trypsin catalyzes which of the following reactions?
A) Pepsinogen to Pepsin B) Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase C) Chymotrypsin to Chymotrypsinogen D) All of the above E) Both B and C
B) Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase
In the small intestine, there is digestion of protein fragments by:
A) Brush border peptides
B) Peptides in the cytoplasm of the mucosal cells
C) Enzymatic secretions from the pancreas
D) All of the above
E) Both A and B
E) Both A and B
Which of the following are true of amino acid transporters in the small intestine?
A) Amino acids do not compete for sites on carriers/transporters
B) Carriers have a greater affinity for indispensable amino acids
C) Carriers are not specific to any particular amino acids
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) Carriers have a greater affinity for indispensable amino acids
The major metabolic fates of amino acids include:
A) Protein synthesis B) Transamination C) Catabolism D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
This step in protein synthesis during which portion of the DNA “unzips” to be utilized as a template for the assembly of complementary nucleotides into mRNA is known as:
A) Transcription B) Translation C) Transamination D) Deamination E) None of the above
A) Transcription
Process involving the synthesis of non-essential amino acids from essential amino acids and other non-essential amino acids.
A) Transcription B) Translation C) Transamination D) Deamination E) None of the above
C) Transamination
Which of the following is not an aromatic essential amino acid?
A) Valine
B) Phenylalanine
C) Tryptophan
D) All of the above are amino acids
A) Valine
Which of the following is not an essential branched-chain amino acid?
A) Valine
B) Leucine
C) Isoleucine
D) All of the above are essential branched-chain amino acids
D) All of the above are essential branched-chain amino acids
