Quiz and test review Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is true of the reticulum?
A) It is glandular
B) The main function is the absorption of water
C) One of the main functions is to aid in rumination
D) all of the above
E) None of the above
A
C) one of the main functions is to aid in rumination.
2
Q
Which of the following is correct?
A) Amylolytic microbes digest both starch and protein.
B) Microbial fermentation produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
C) Fermentation works best with the presence of oxygen
D) All of the above
E) None of the above?
A
B) Microbial fermentation produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane
3
Q
The following hormone(s) is/are secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine?
A) Secretin B) CCK C) Insulin D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
E) none of the above
4
Q
Which of the following hormones are secreted from the first one-third of the small intestine?
A) Secretin B) Insulin C) Glucagon D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
A) Secretin
5
Q
The following is correct as it pertains to the horse’s stomach?
A) Functions best at two-thirds capacity
B) Is small compared to the rest of the horse’s GIT
C) Is small compared to the stomach of the cow
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A
D) All of the above
6
Q
The pig’s stomach secretes which of the following?
A) Gastrin and sodium bicarbonate B) Pepsin and secretin C) Gastrin and pepsinogen D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
C) Gastrin and pepsinogen
7
Q
Chemical digestion of nutrients includes which of the following?
A) Mastication, HCL, and enzymes B) Mastication, HCL, and Peristalsis C) Mastication, HCL, and bacteria D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
E) None of the above
8
Q
True or False?
Food particles are completely digested and absorbed before they reach the “true stomach” of the sheep.
A
False
9
Q
True or false?
The proventriculus, the abomasum, and the monogastric stomach are all considered “glandular”,
A
True
10
Q
True or False?
Although the hindgut portion of the horse’s GIT makes up the majority of the GIT, it is only responsible for a small portion of the absorption of nutrients.
A
True
11
Q
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to water?
A) Most animal tissues contain more water than does blood
B) The high latent heat of evaporation of water results in heat loss from the animal
C) The high specific heat of the water and the high latent heat of evaporation of water both cause an animal’s internal temperature to rise.
D) All of the above
E) None of the Above
A
B) The high latent heat of evaporation of water results in heat loss from the animal.
12
Q
Functions of water include which of the following?
A) Gives the cell shape B) Acts as a lubricant C) Regulates temperature D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
D) All of the above
13
Q
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to enzymes?
A) Enzymes that are catalysts are not usually protein based
B) Lactate dehydrogenase is needed for lactate to be converted to pyruvate
C) The conversion of oxaloacetate to citrate requires a lyase enzyme
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A
B) lactate dehydrogenase is needed for lactate to be converted to pyruvate
14
Q
True or False?
Your mature cow weighs 1000lb and loses 50lb in body water. She should be okay as long as she gets water as soon as possible.
A
False
15
Q
True or False?
First and second-order reaction rates are both proportional to the amount of substrate present.
A
False
16
Q
True or False?
An animal that is eating young, lush ryegrass pasture would likely need to drink less water than an animal eating hay.
A
True
17
Q
True or false?
Fats produce more grams of water upon oxidation than do carbohydrates and proteins.
A
True
18
Q
True or False?
The basic function of enzymes is to increase the speed of reactions (up to 10^6) so that metabolism can proceed in order to sustain life.
A
True
19
Q
True or False?
The transfer of hydrogen atoms requires an oxidoreductase enzyme.
A
True
20
Q
True or False?
The lock and key model of enzyme specificity require that the enzyme’s conformation change in response to the pancreas of a substrate in order for the enzyme-substrate complex to form.
A
False
21
Q
An example of a proteinaceous roughage would be:
A) Straw B) Corn C) Legume Hay D) All of the above E) None of the above
A
C) Legume Hay
22
Q
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to mold?
A) Young animals are more sensitive to mold than older animals
B) High moisture increases the chance for mold growth
C) Subclinical toxicity from mold can be a real problem
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A
D) All of the above
23
Q
Feed quality can be affected by which of the following?
A) Weather or not a digestion or balance trial has been conducted on the feed
B) Presence of foreign material in the feed
C) Whether it is considered a forage or roughage
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A
B) Presence of foreign material in the feed
24
Q
True or False?
Forages and roughages typically have a high fiber content and a high net energy content but they tend to be low in protein.
A
False
25
True or False?
Fish meal is classified as a protein supplement in the International Feed Nomenclature System.
True
26
True or False?
Carbonaceous concentrates and proteinaceous carbohydrates are both characterized as being high in energy and protein.
False
27
True or False?
Fodder typically refers to corn or sorghum grown specifically as a forage?
True
28
True or False?
Balance trials and digestion trials typically provide the same information on feed quality and quantity?
False
29
True or False?
The Feed Additive Compendium suggests criteria for determining whether we should feed spoiled food to our livestock, including horses?
False
30
True or False?
Proximate Analysis is the most common method of determining the grading system of a feed.
False
31
A hormone that originates in the pyloric cells of the stomach and causes the release of digestive enzymes. It also functions to stimulate the production of HCL and pepsinogen, plus stimulates stomach motility.
A) Gastrin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Secretin
D) None of the above
A) Gastrin
32
The ____ receives secretions from the Brunner's gland, pancreas, and liver to help with digestion.
```
A) Ileum
B) Jejunum
C) Duodenum
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Duodenum
33
Products of fermentation in the rumen include:
```
A) B vitamins
B) Methane
C) Microbial Crude Protein
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
B vitamins, methane, and Microbial crude protein
34
____ measure feed consumption and fecal excretion over a period of time.
```
A) Chemical analysis
B) Balance Trials
C) Digestion Trials
D) Feeding Trials
E) None of the above
```
C) Digestion trials
35
Chemical equilibrium occurs when there is a constant ratio between ___ and ___.
A) Gibbs free energy and substrate energy
B) Concentration of substrate and concentration of product
C) reaction rate and activation energy
D) None of the above
B) concentration of substrate and concentration of product.
36
A hormone that originates in the cells along the wall of the duodenum in response to the presence of chyme and acid. It functions largely to release pancreatic juice and decrease both stomach motility and acid function.
A) Gastrin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Secretin
D) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
C) Secretin
37
___ are high in energy and low in fiber (<18% CF), low in protein (<20% CP) with protein quality being variable and generally low, fair in phosphorous, low in calcium, low in vitamins A and D, high in thiamin and low in riboflavin, B12, and pantothenic acid.
A) Carbonaceous concentrates
B) Proteiaceous concentrates
C) Carbonaceous roughages
D) Proteinaceous roughages
A) Carbonaceous concentrates
38
The water produced as an end product of oxidation of energy is known as:
A) Waste Water
B) Metabolic Water
C) Body Water
D) Metallic Water
B) Metabolic Water
39
Considered to be the glandular stomach of poultry. It secretes gastric juices and HCL.
A) Crop
B) Proventriculus
C) Cloaca
D) Gizzard
B) Proventriculus
40
___ are feed materials that are low in energy, contain >18% crude fiber, and <70% total digestible nutrients.
```
A) Carbonaceous concentrates
B) Proteinaceous Concentrates
C) Roughages
D) Supplements
E) None of the above
```
C) Roughages
41
___ is an organic or Metallo-organic molecule which acts as a transient carrier of specific functional groups.
```
A) Cofactor
B) Coenzyme
C) Enzyme Buddy
D) Both A and C
E) None of the above
```
B) Coenzyme
42
Hormone secreted from the pancreas during and following a meal (when blood glucose levels increase) to stimulate glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells.
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Both insulin and glucagon
D) Neither insulin or glucagon
A) Insulin
43
The sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissues.
```
A) Digestion
B) Metabolism
C) Absorption
D) Excretion
E) None of the above
```
B) Metabolism
44
Hormone secreted from the pancreas between meals or during fasting (when blood glucose levels decrease) to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and to convert amino acids and lactic acid to glucose through gluconeogenesis.
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Both insulin and glucagon
D) Neither insulin or glucagon
B) Glucagon
45
___ catalyze the transfer of hydrogen, oxygen, or electrons from one molecule to another.
```
A) Oxidoreductase
B) Transferases
C) Hydrolases
D) Lyases
E) None of the above
```
A) Oxidoreductases
46
The basic function of an enzyme is to:
A) Increase the velocity of a metabolic reaction
B) Alter the appearance of final products of a reaction
C) Decrease the velocity of a metabolic reaction
D) Degrade coenzymes and cofactors during a reaction
A) Increase the velocity of a metabolic reaction
47
Preferable conditions for evaporative heat loss include:
```
A) air movement
B) Plenty of combustible water
C) High relative Humidity
D) Both A and B
E) Both B and C
```
D) Both A and B
Air movement and Plenty of consumable water
48
In the monogastric stomach, the __ contains cells that produce mucous and some proteolytic enzymes.
```
A) Cardia
B) Pyloric gland region
C) Esophageal region
D) Pylorus
E) None of the above
```
B) Pyloric gland region
49
Synthesis of complex compounds from simpler substances is referred to as:
```
A) Anabolism
B) Catabolism
C) Absorption
D) Kinetics
E) None of the above
```
A) Anabolism
50
Known for its "many plies", it moves from reticulum to abomasum, absorbs water, reduces particle size and continues to grind roughages.
A) rumen
B) Esophagus
C) Omasum
D) none of the above
C) Omasum
51
The __ is an active site of nutrient absorption; including the absorption of amino acids, sugar molecules, fatty acids, and glycerol.
A) Ileum
B) Jejum
C) Duodenum
D) None of the above
B) Jejunum
52
Degradation of complex compounds to simpler substances is referred to as:
```
A) Anabolism
B) Catabolism
C) Absorption
D) Excretion
E) None of the above
```
B) catabolism
53
__ Catalyze intramolecular rearrangement; i.e. they change the position of a functional group within a molecule without changing the number and kind of atoms.
```
A) Oxidoreductases
B) Lyases
C) Transferases
D) Isomers
E) None of the above
```
D) Isomers
54
Biological properties of water include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) High surface tension
B) High Specific Heat
C) Non-polar solvent
D) None of the above
C) Non-polar solvent
55
Salivary glands secrete:
```
A) water
B) Mucin
C) Bicarbonate Salts
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
Water Mucin Bicarbonate salts
56
A component of feed that aids in the support of life.
A) Feed
B) Nutrient
C) Feedstuff
D) None of the above
B) Nutrient
57
The Liver is responsible for the production of bile salts which function to:
```
A) Emulsify Fats
B) Neutralize acidic chyme
C) Active Lipase
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
Emulsify fats Neutralize acidic chyme Active Lipase
58
An animal can lose approximately __ of their body water before approaching death from dehydration.
```
A) 1-2%
B) 5-8%
C) 40-50%
D) 90+%
E) None of the above
```
B) 5-8%
59
True or False
Sulfates and nitrates are completely safe at any level in drinking water.
False
60
True or False
Generally, feedstuffs do not provide a suitable medium for various molds and fungi, given growth and temperature conditions do not allow growth to occur.
True
61
True or False
Fermentation of feedstuffs occurs in the gizzard of the poultry.
False
62
True or False
Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrates results in the production of more metabolic water than oxidation of one gram of fat.
False
63
True or False
Enzymes work by increasing the reaction rate through lowering the activation energy and changing chemical equilibrium
False
64
True or False
The percentage of body water increases with animal age and has a direct relationship with body fat.
False
65
True or False
Many different environmental situations can cause damage to and reduce the feeding value of feedstuffs.
True
66
True or False
The esophagus in ruminants allows for two-way movement so they can regurgitate feedstuffs.
True
67
True or False
Roughages should be added in large amounts to swine diets.
False
68
True or False
The large intestine of the horse comprises approximately 60% of its gastrointestinal tract.
True
69
True or False
Chickens and pigs are omnivores.
True
70
True or False
Livestock have the ability to tolerate larger amounts of minerals and other compounds in their drinking water than humans do.
True
71
True or False
Feed costs account for 50-80% of production costs depending on livestock species.
True
72
True or False
Roughages are more variable in nutritive content and acceptability than concentrates due to variation in stage of maturity and harvesting and storage procedures,
True
73
True or False
The majority of enzymes are proteins with a large 3D structure.
True
74
True or False
The microbial population of the rumen changes based on the diet the animal has at that time.
True
75
True or False
Water balance is largely regulated by osmoreceptors in the brain that communicate with the hypothalamus and pituitary.
True
76
True or False
All feed is that is ingested gets utilized in the body.
False
77
True or False
Most enzymes are much larger than their substrates, and only a small portion of the enzyme, the active site, is directly involved in catalysis.
True
78
True or False
Minerals are considered the inorganic component of feeds.
True
79
True or False
Genotype and breed of animal do not influence water requirements.
False
80
True or False
Each enzyme has a specific optimal and pH range.
True
81
Which of the following is correct?
A) 1 GTP produces a similar amount of energy as 1 ATP
B) The brain has an absolute requirement for glucose
C) The liver can use lactate to "remake" glucose as needed
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
82
Which of the following is correct concerning dissacharies?
A) Cellulose is two glucose units that are connected by alpha linkages.
B) Table sugar is broken down via sucrase from the brush border of the small intestine.
C) Glycogen is a good source of glucose.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) Table sugar is broken down via sucrase from the brush border of the small intestine
83
Active Transport:
A) Requires both a carrier protein and ATP for it to occur
B) Moves compounds from a high to a low concentration gradient
C) Couples with most vitamins to transport compounds out of the cell
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A) Requires both a carrier protein and ATP for it to occur
84
Which of the following describes glucose?
A) It is transported into liver cells via GLUT2 even when insulin is low
B) It can be made from non-6-Carbon sugars in the ruminant.
C) It is converted to several intermediates via glycolysis before being converted t pyruvate
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
85
True or False
Glucose is a 6-carbon hexose that is readily digested by enzymes in the small intestine regardless of whether they have alpha or beta linkages.
False
86
True or False
Cellulose is the primary polymer of glucose units that is found in the plant kingdom.
True
87
True or False
Digestion of carbohydrates in the pig is a two-step process involving microbial attachment.
False
88
True or False
Glycolysis produces an equilivant amount of energy as does the Krebs Cycle.
False
89
True or False
Circulating glucose can be broken down and used for energy or stored in the body as glycogen or fat.
True
90
True or False
The Krebs Cycle and TCA Cycle are both referring to the same metabolic pathway for the production of energy from glucose.
True
91
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to dietary protein?
A) the position of the carboxyl group influences both its structure and composition.
B) The branched-chain amino acids that make up dietary protein typically have aromantic rings
C) A water molecule is formed with each peptide bond that is formed between the amino acids that make up the protein
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
C) A water molecule is formed with each peptide bond that is formed between the amino acids that make up the protein
92
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to urea?
A) It can be fed to make MCP in ruminants
B) It is a cheap source of nitrogen that can be fed to ruminants to be converted to MCP
C) It should never be fed to horses because it is toxic to them
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
93
True or False?
Glycoproteins are considered conjugated because they are simple proteins with a nonprotein nitrogen attached
False
94
True or False?
The amino acid sequence of a protein determines what level of structure a protein has which will determine its function
True
95
True or False?
Nitrogen recycling via saliva can account for up to 50% of the nitrogen that never makes it to the rumen
False
96
True or False?
Amino acids can be deaminated to form ammonia and a carbon skeleton but the ammonia cannot be used by the ruminant and must be excreted in the urine.
False
97
True or False?
Protein is both metabolically and financially the most expensive nutrient
True
98
True or False?
Transamination is the process in which essential amino acids are made from ammonia.
False
99
True or False?
Urea is a good source of low-cost protein fed to both cattle and horses.
False
100
True or False?
Glucogenic acids can be used to make glucose
True
101
The nutritionally most important D-aldose:
```
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Ribose
D) Fructose
E) None of the above
```
A) Glucose
102
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose:
A) Glycogenesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) none of the above
C) Glycogenolysis
103
Which of the following is true of extracellular carbohydrate digestion by microbes in the rumen:
A) Formation of VFA from glucose
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
B) Hydrolysis of carbohydrates to glucose
104
Which of the following lists carbohydrates in the order of most easily digestible for ruminant species?
A) Sugars (Mono-And Disaccharides), Starches, Cellulose
B) Starches, Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides), Cellulose
C) Cellulose, Starches, Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides)
D) Sugars (Mono- and Disaccharides), Cellulose, Starches
A) Sugars (Mono-And Disaccharides), Starches, Cellulose
105
Products of carbohydrate metabolism include:
A) Immediate energy in the form of glucose
B) Stored energy in the form of glycogen
C) Amino acid precursors
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
106
Which of the following tissues are capable of gluconeogenesis?
A) Liver
B) Kidney cortex
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
C) Both A and B
107
Glycogenesis occurs in what tissues during times of excess glucose supplies?
```
A) Liver
B) Skeletal muscle
C) Kidney
D) Both A and B
E) Both A and C
```
E) Both A and C
108
Increased rates of lipogenesis is more commonly seen in:
A) Monogastrics being fed diets low in carbohydrates
B) Monogastrics being fed diets high in carbohydrates
C) Ruminants being fed diets low in carbohydrates
D) Ruminants being fed diets high in carbohydrates
B) Monogastrics being fed diets high in carbohydrates
109
The average protein N content is assumed to be:
```
A) 6.25%
B) 16%
C) 1.6%
D) 10%
E) None of the above
```
B) 16%
110
The Nutritionally most important D-ketose:
```
A) Glucose
B) Galactose
C) Ribose
D) Fructose
E) None of the above
```
D) Fructose
111
In monogastrics, chemical protein digestion begins where?
```
A) Mouth
B) Stomach
C) Small Intestine
D) Rumen
E) None of the above
```
B) Stomach
112
Which hormone stimulates pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion into the small intestine from the pancreatic acinar cells?
```
A) Secretin
B) Pepsinogen
C) Cholecystokinin
D) Pepsin
E) None of the above
```
C) cholecystokinin
113
Trypsin catalyzes which of the following reactions?
```
A) Pepsinogen to Pepsin
B) Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase
C) Chymotrypsin to Chymotrypsinogen
D) All of the above
E) Both B and C
```
B) Procarboxypeptidase to carboxypeptidase
114
In the small intestine, there is digestion of protein fragments by:
A) Brush border peptides
B) Peptides in the cytoplasm of the mucosal cells
C) Enzymatic secretions from the pancreas
D) All of the above
E) Both A and B
E) Both A and B
115
Which of the following are true of amino acid transporters in the small intestine?
A) Amino acids do not compete for sites on carriers/transporters
B) Carriers have a greater affinity for indispensable amino acids
C) Carriers are not specific to any particular amino acids
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
B) Carriers have a greater affinity for indispensable amino acids
116
The major metabolic fates of amino acids include:
```
A) Protein synthesis
B) Transamination
C) Catabolism
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
117
This step in protein synthesis during which portion of the DNA "unzips" to be utilized as a template for the assembly of complementary nucleotides into mRNA is known as:
```
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Transamination
D) Deamination
E) None of the above
```
A) Transcription
118
Process involving the synthesis of non-essential amino acids from essential amino acids and other non-essential amino acids.
```
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Transamination
D) Deamination
E) None of the above
```
C) Transamination
119
Which of the following is not an aromatic essential amino acid?
A) Valine
B) Phenylalanine
C) Tryptophan
D) All of the above are amino acids
A) Valine
120
Which of the following is not an essential branched-chain amino acid?
A) Valine
B) Leucine
C) Isoleucine
D) All of the above are essential branched-chain amino acids
D) All of the above are essential branched-chain amino acids
121
Which of the following is not an essential sulfur-containing amino acid?
A) Methionine
B) Cysteine
C) Both
D) Neither
B) Cysteine
122
Lactose is broken down into__and glucose by__.
```
A) Galactose; Galactase
B) Galactose; Lactase
C) Glucose; Lactase
D) Fructose; Lactase
E) None of the above
```
B) Galactose; Lactase
123
Maltose is broken down into__and glucose by__.
```
A) Fructose; Sucrase
B) Glucose; Maltase
C) Galactose; Maltase
D) Fructose; Lactase
E) None of the above
```
B) Glucose; Maltase
124
The main sources of blood glucose are:
```
A) Dietary glucose
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
125
Which of the following are physiological functions of proteins?
A) Serve as building blocks of enzymes
B) Some aid or serve as transporters in the body
C) They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
D) All of the above
E) A and B only
D) All of the above
126
Protein quality is largely determined by:
```
A) amount of essential amino acids present
B) Ratio of essential acids present
C) Digestibility of the protein
D) All of the above
E) A and B only
```
E) A and B only
127
Nitrogen recycling is extremely important in ruminant nutrition. Sources of ammonia for ruminants include:
```
A) Degradation of dietary protein
B) Hydrolysis of urea recycled to the rumen
C) Degradation of MCP
D) All of the above
E) B and C only
```
D) All of the above
128
Which of the following is not true regarding the metabolic fates of the individual volatile fatty acids once they have been produced in the rumen?
A) Little acetate utilized by the liver so most of it appears in peripheral blood
B) Over 90% propionate in portal blood used by liver for gluconeogenesis
C) Over 90% butyrate in portal blood used by liver and converted to beta-hydroxybutyrate
D) All of the above are true
E) None of the above are true
D) All of the above are true
129
Amylolytic bacteria in the rumen digest:
```
A) starch
B) Sugars
C) Fiber
D) Both A and B
E) Both B and C
```
D) Both A and B
130
Which of the following is NOT considered a brush border enzyme?
A) Lactase
B) Maltase
C) Sucrase
D) Amylase
D) Amylase
131
In monogastrics, Carbohydrate digestion begins in the:
A) Mouth
B) Esophagus
C) Stomach
D) Small Intestine
A) Mouth
132
Which of the following is considered the "molecular unit of currency" for energy?
```
A) Adenosine triphosphate
B) Guanosine triphosphate
C) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
D) Flavin adenine Dinucleotide
E) None of the above
```
A) Adenosine triphosphate
133
The breakdown of one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules:
A) Glycogenesis
B) Glycolysis
C) Glycogenolysis
D) None of the above
B) Glycolysis
134
True or False?
Carbohydrates comprise approximately 50% of the plant dry weight and are the smallest part of the food supply for livestock species.
False
135
True or False?
Volatile fatty acids are the primary energy source for metabolism in ruminants.
True
136
True or False?
Starches and sugars are typically found in the plant cell wall, while cellulose and hemicellulose are typically found with the cell contents.
False
137
True or False?
Almost no free glucose makes it past the ruminant stomach to the small intestine.
True
138
True or False?
Biological value is not influenced by the essential amino acid content of a protein.
False
139
True or False?
Protein can be designed to bypass the rumen so that ruminants absorb the individual amino acids of that protein in the small intestine.
True
140
True or False?
It is safe to feed urea at 0.5-1.0% of the diet.
True
141
True or False?
The liver is very efficient at metabolizing branched chain amino acids.
False
142
True or False?
Protein or amino acid catabolism decreases when the composition of absorbed amino acids is unbalanced (ie, one or more amino acids is limiting)
False
143
True or False?
Protein turnover is constantly occurring within the body. As a result, the tissues that experience higher turnover rates respond to environmental changes quickly.
True
144
True or False?
Isoleucine are two ketogenic amino acids.
False
145
True or False?
Alanine and glutamine make up over half of the amino nitrogen released by the muscle for nitrogen transport. The liver takes up the alanine for gluconeogenesis and the intestine takes up glutamine.
True
146
True or False?
Both alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamic acid are essential to the process of transamination.
True
147
True or False?
Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and fructose.
True
148
True or False?
Lactose is linear polymer of glucose and is the most abundant organic compound in nature.
False
149
True or False?
Amylose is a disaccharide consisting of galactose and glucose.
False
150
True or False?
Cellulose is made up of linear polymers of glucose in beta 1,4 linkages
True
151
Compound lipids include which of the following?
```
A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Sphinogomyelin
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Sphinogomyelin
152
Which of the following statements is true?
A) A fatty acid that is 18:0 has a higher melting point than a fatty acid that is a 12:2
B) There are fewer carbons separating estrogen from testosterone than there is separating estrogen from cholesterol.
C) Fats have higher melting points than oils.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
D) All of the above
153
Which of the following are needed for the digestion of lipids in the small intestine?
```
A) Pancreatic lipase
B) Colipase
C) CCK
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
154
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to the following structure?
H H H H H O
H3C-C-C=C-C=C-C-C-C-C
H H H H H H H OH
```
A) It is a standard decanoic acid
B) It can be labelled 10:2 Delta5,7
C) It has a trans double bond at carbon 5 and a cis double bond at carbon 7
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
155
True or False?
Triglycerides are abundant in the small intestine of ruminants because the microorganisms cannot adequately break them down.
False
156
True or False?
The production of pyruvate via glycolysis (from most of the carbons of glucose) is important for fatty acid synthesis.
True
157
True or False?
Enterocytes are absorptive cells of the intestinal lining?
True
158
True or False?
Glucose is used as a main source of carbons for fatty acid synthesis in both pigs and cows?
False
159
True or False?
Low-density lipoproteins are healthier than high-density lipoproteins?
False
160
True or False?
Chylomicrons are made by both pigs and sheep because they are necessary for transport of lipids into the the lymphatic system.
False
161
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to Vitamins?
A) Vitamin E is actually a group name for the tocopherols, which include a number of closely related compounds
B) Vitamin C deficiency causes rickets in young animals
C) Vitamin A is not stored to any extent in the liver because it is soluble in water
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A) Vitamin E is actually a group name for the tocopherols, which include a number of closely related compounds
162
Hypervitaminosis causes which of the following:
```
A) Hyperkeratosis
B) Persistent diarrhea
C) Excessive growth of bone
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
163
True or False?
The most important function of both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins is their role as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism.
False
164
True or False?
Unlike other B vitamins, choline is not a specific metabolic catalyst, but forms an essential structural component of body tissues.
True
165
True or False?
Vitamin D is needed for proper utilization of both calcium and phosphorous,
True
166
True or False?
Riboflavin is an important constituent of the flavoproteins (FMN and FAD) and are important in carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
True
167
True or False?
Most mammals can convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D regardless of the weather.
False
168
True or False?
Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver.
True
169
True or False?
Both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and Nitrogen but only the water-soluble Vitamins also contain Cobalt
False
170
True or False?
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed through a much simpler process than fat-soluble vitamins because water is constantly being resorbed into the bloodstream.
True
171
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to calcium?
A) Rickets can be caused by both a Calcium and a vitamin D Deficiency
B) In order for the cell to sense a rise in intracellular calcium, the resting concentration of calcium must be low
C) With the onset of lactation, the parathyroid gland cannot respond rapidly enough to increase calcium absorption from the intestine to meet the demand for milk synthesis
D) All of the Above
E) None of the above
E) All of the above
172
Minerals that play a vital role in the osmotic regulation of body fluids include:
```
A) Sodium
B) Chlorine
C) Potassium
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
173
Which of the following contain Sulfur?
```
A) Thiamine
B) Coenzyme A
C) Methionine
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
174
Which of the following is true about water-soluble vitamins?
```
A) They can be stored in the body
B) They are needed in the daily diet
C) Toxicity is not typically a problem
D) All of the above
E) Only B and C are true
```
E) Only B and C are true
175
Which of the following are composed of TAG, phospholipid, cholesterol, Cholesterol ester, and apolipoprotein complexes (and are formed in the enterocytes and release by Golgi vesicles into the lymphatics)?
```
A) Lipases
B) Mixed Micelles
C) Chylomicrons
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Chylomicrons
176
The major carbon source for fatty acid synthesis in monogastrics is __, while the major carbon source for fatty acid synthesis in ruminants is__?
A) glucose; glucose
B) glucose; acetate
C) Acetate; glucose
D) Nne of the above
B) glucose; acetate
177
Major sites for de novo fatty acid synthesis include:
```
A) kidney
B) Liver
C) Adipose tissue
D) A and B only
E) B and C only
```
E) B and C only
178
Chylomicrons are released into the lymphatics which empties into the __ that takes them to the __.
A) aorta; kidney
B) clavical; liver
C) Subclavian vein; liver
D) none of the above
C) Subclavian vein; liver
179
Which of the following is considered to be part of 'good' cholesterol because it binds excess cholesterol and carries it back to the liver for excretion?
```
A) High-density lipoproteins
B) Low-density lipoproteins
C) Very low-density lipoproteins
D) Both A and B
E) None of the above
```
A) High-density lipoproteins
180
Which of the following serves largely as activators of enzymes?
A) Macrominerals
B) Microminerals
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
B) Microminerals
181
You are a veterinarian treating a sheep with urinary calculi, what minerals would you want to know about in the animal's body that might be causing the problem?
```
A) Cu:S
B) Ca:P
C) Na:K
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
B) Ca:P
182
A deficiency in which mineral can lead to multiple symptoms such as growth retardation, anorexia, and decreased taste, rough hair coat, and reduced proliferation of cartilage cells. 90% of this micromineral is a constituent of large enzyme systems known as metalloenzymes and is often bound to oxide, sulfate or methionine in the body.
```
A) Zinc
B) Cobalt
C) Molybdenum
D) Selenium
E) None of the above
```
A) Zinc
183
In monogastrics, the majority of lipid digestion starts where?
A) Mouth
B) stomach
C) Small Intestine
D) Large intestine
B) stomach
184
Which of the following are considered a metalloprotein or metalloenzyme?
```
A) Hemoglobin
B) Zinc
C) Manganese
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
185
True or False?
Grains are typically high in phosphorous whereas forages tend to be low in calcium and high in phosphorous.
False
186
True or False?
Excess copper tolerance depends on species, Cattle and pigs are much more tolerant to high copper levels whereas sheep are more susceptible to copper toxicity.
True
187
True or False?
Urinary calculi (caused by skewed Ca:P ratio) tends to be more of a bladder stone problem in livestock and depends to a large extent on diet.
True
188
True or False?
Magnesium is closely related to both calcium and sulphur because its distribution in the skeleton is greater than 60% *similar to Ca and S).
False
189
True or False?
Grass tetany is also Called grass staggers or magnesium tetany.
True
190
True or False?
Iron is very important in cellular respiration.
True
191
How many double bonds are in alpha-linolenic acid (18:3)?
A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) None
B) Three
192
Grass tetany is characterized by low blood levels of which mineral and is common in ruminants grazing lush pastures with fast-growing forages?
```
A) Calcium
B) Manganese
C) Phosphorous
D) Magnesium
E) None of the above
```
D) Magnesium
193
Which of the following are considered to be common essential fatty acids?
```
A) Linoleic acid
B) alpha-Linolenic acid
C) Palmitic acid
D) All of the above
E) Only A and B
```
E) Only A and B
194
Which micromineral is key information chondroitin sulfate-mucopolysaccharide for bone formation? A deficiency can lead to congenital chondrodystrophy.
```
A) Calcium
B) Manganese
C) Magnesium
D) Selenium
E) None of the above
```
B) Manganese
195
Which mineral is a structural component of Vitamin B12 and a deficiency can lead to anemia.
```
A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Manganese
D) Iron
E) None of the above
```
E) None of the above
196
Which micromineral is associated with vitamin e and is necessary for proper cardiac and skeletal muscle function as well as early embryonic development?
```
A) Iron
B) Iodine
C) Selenium
D) Potassium
E) None of the above
```
C) Selenium
197
Which mineral is needed in wool-producing animals to provide the disulfide bridges that are associated with fiber growth?
```
A) Molybdenum
B) Sulphur
C) Selenium
D) Copper
E) None of the above
```
B) Sulphur
198
Which mineral is utilized for intracellular fluid regulation and osmotic pressure? Deficiencies of this mineral result in symptoms such as listlessness and stiffness.
```
A) Phosphorous
B) Iron
C) Potassium
D) Calcium
E) None of the above
```
C) Potassium
199
Which of the following are true of fat soluble Vitamins?
```
A) They can be stored in the body
B) They are needed in the daily diet
C) Toxicity is Usually not a problem
D) All of the above
E) Only B and C are true
```
A) They can be stored in the body
200
Which fat-soluble vitamin functions in proper maintenance of Ca and P in the body? Very little of this vitamin is stored in the body and a deficient can lead to rickets in young animals.
```
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B1
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D
E) None f the above
```
D) Vitamin D
201
Which fat soluble vitamin is necessary for normal blood clotting and is utilized for bacterial synthesis in the rumen. A deficiency of this vitamin can lead to bruising and hemorrhage.
```
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E
E) None of the above
```
C) Vitamin K
202
Which water soluble vitamin serves as a structural component of coenzyme A and functions in energy metabolism through the Krebs Cycle? Deficiencies can lead to "goose stepping", nerve damage, Hair loss and enteritis.
```
A) Thiamin
B) Niacin
C) Folacin
D) Riboflavin
E) None of the above
```
E) None of the above
203
Which enzyme reduces the inhibitory action of bile salts on pancreatic lipase?
A) Pancreatic colipase
B) Gastric Lipase
C) Lingual lipase
D) Insulin Sensitive lipase
A) Pancreatic colipase
204
Which water vitamin serves as a cofactor for several Krebs Cycle enzymes and glycogenesis. Avidin decreases the availability of this Vitamin.
```
A) Biotin
B) Niacin
C) Riboflavin
D) Pantothenic Acid
E) None of the above
```
A) Biotin
205
Which water soluble vitamin is required in the diets of humans, guinea pigs and apes but not in the diets of domestic livestock. Deficiencies of this vitamin can result in scurvy.
```
A) Biotin
B) Niacin
C) Riboflavin
D) Pantothenic Acid
E) None of the above
```
E) None of the above
206
Functions of bile acid include:
```
A) Emulsification of fats
B) Activation of pancreatic lipase
C) Formation of chylomicrons
D) All of the above
E) Both A and B
```
E) Both A and B
207
Which of the following is composed of 2-MAG, lyso-phospholipid, fatty acids, and cholesterol and are absorbed into the enterocytes of the duodenum and proximal jejunum?
```
A) Lipases
B) Chylomicrons
C) Mixed micelles
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Mixed micelles
208
Which of the following is the correct order for the steps of lipid catabolism?
A) Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway, transport of NEFA to other tissues, Fatty acid uptake and oxidation, lipolysis of adipose TAG
B) lipolysis of adipose TAG, glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway, transport of NEFA to other tissues, fatty acid uptake and oxidation
C) transport of NEFA to other tissues, fatty acid uptake and oxidation, glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway, lipolysis of adipose TAG
D) fatty acid uptake and oxidation, transport of NEFA to other tissues, glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway, lipolysis of adipose TAG
E) none of the above
B) lipolysis of adipose TAG, glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway, transport of NEFA to other tissues, fatty acid uptake and oxidation
209
Ruminants do not synthesize true chylomicrons, instead they form structures similar to chylomicrons known as:
```
A) High density lipoproteins
B) Low Density Lipoproteins
C) Very low density lipoproteins
D) Cholesterol esters
E) None of the above
```
C) Very low density lipoproteins
210
Which of the following is the key enzyme which breaks off fatty acids from glycerol in lipid hydrolysis?
```
A) Cholesterol esterase
B) Lingual lipase
C) Gastric lipase
D) Hormone sensitive lipase
E) None of the above
```
D) Hormone sensitive lipase
211
Which of the following is a protein that binds lipids for transport through the circulatory system?
A) Alanine
B) Phospholipid
C) Arginine
D) Apolipoprotein
D) Apolipoprotein
212
Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin?
```
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B
C) Vitamin D
D) Vitamin E
E) None of the above
```
B) Vitamin B
213
Compound lipids include which of the following?
```
A) Triglycerides
B) Cholesterol
C) Sphingomyelin
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Sphingomyelin
214
Which of the following is correct as it pertains to vitamins?
A) Vitamin E is actually a group name for the tocopherols, which include a number of closely related active compounds
B) Vitamin C deficiency causes rickets in young animals
C) Vitamin A is not stored to any extent in the liver because it is soluble in water.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A) Vitamin E is actually a group name for the tocopherols, which include a number of closely related active compounds
215
Which of the following contain sulfur?
```
A) Thiamine
B) Coenzyme A
C) Methionine
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
216
Which of the following are considered a metalloprotein or metalloenzyme?
```
A) Hemoglobin
B) Zinc
C) Manganese
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
217
True or False?
Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes.
True
218
True or False?
The majority of the lipids consumed in the diet are glycerol based.
True
219
True or False?
Lipids are water insoluble but soluble in inorganic solvents.
True
220
True or False?
Rhodopsin synthesis in the retina of the eye depends largely on vitamin D.
False
221
True or False?
Approximately 75% of triacyclglycerols are synthesized on smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
True
222
True or False?
Only small amounts of TAG and phospholipids enter the small intestine in ruminants.
True
223
True or False?
Water soluble vitamins must be consumed in large amounts.
False
224
True or False?
Many vitamins are found in plant sources, such leafy green forages.
True
225
True or False?
Minerals are considered a component of the organic portion of feeds.
False
226
True or False?
Fats are usually of plant origin, while oils are usually of animal origin.
False
227
True or False?
Arachidonic acid can be synthesized from linoleic acid and therefore is required in the diet only if linoleic acid is absent.
True
228
True or False?
Increasing the number of double bonds in fatty acid increases the melting point.
False
229
True or False?
Simple lipids include waxes and sterols.
False
230
True or False?
Milk ever occurs in lactating dairy cattle because the body cannot mobilize Ca and P quickly enough to meet the increased demand for Ca to make milk.
False
231
True or False?
Feeding trials are useful to explain why one set of cattle are doing better on a particular feed than another set of cattle.
False
232
True or False?
Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy is used in most laboratories because it is easy to use and you can get results quickly.
False
233
True or False?
Basal metabolism includes all of the energy to maintain life processes, such as grazing and going to the water source to drink
False
234
True or False?
Digestible energy is determined by subtracting heat increment (from the feces) from total energy.
False
235
True or False?
Proximate analysis is used to determine nutrient content of feeds. Therefore it is a good indicator of how well an animal will eat that feed.
False
236
True or False?
The best way to determine digestibility of a feedstuff is to take a sample of the feed you are feeding and run an analysis (such as proximate analysis) in the laboratory.
False
237
True or False?
Using a core sampler is not really necessary for sampling round hay bales as long as you take samples from each side of the bale.
False
238
True or False?
A feed with a high ADF (acid detergent fiber) value is more digestible than a feed with a high NDF (neutral detergent fiber) value.
False
239
True or False?
Although we determine the DM (dry matter) content of feeds, this analysis is not really important since we feed our animals on an as-fed basis (with water included).
False
240
True or False?
The Van Soest method of analysis can be used to determine the difference in structural and non-structural carbohydrates in any grain.
False
241
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Tall fescue would be considered a carbonaceous roughage
B) Alfalfa is expensive to grow in Louisiana because it must be seeded annually and must be grazed in the summer
C) Bermudagrass is classified as a cool-season legume
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
A) Tall fescue would be considered a carbonaceous roughage
242
Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Clover silage is a proteinaceous summer grass
B) Soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal are both high in protein and good supplements to feed cattle
C) Barley is considered a roughage because it grows in the field
D) all of the above
E) None of the above
B) Soybean meal (SBM) and peanut meal are both high in protein and good supplements to feed cattle
243
True or False?
Corn is considered a high energy feedstuff?
True
244
True or False?
Roughages, such as concentrates, are a good source of energy for the animal.
False
245
True or False?
Roughages in large amounts are necessary in finishing rations for beef cattle in order to keep the microorganisms in the rumen happy and working.
False
246
True or False?
Cool season perennials have a longer growing period than warm season perennials.
False
247
True or False?
Continuous grazing is much harder to manage than rotational grazing because you need more pastures (so that once the animals eat all of the grass, you can move them to another pasture).
False
248
True or False?
Green chop is commonly fed to livestock that are in confinement because they cannot (or have little access) to grazing.
True
249
True or False?
Alfalfa silage is considered high in both protein and calcium.
True
250
True or False?
Bahiagrass tends to be lower in digestibility and nutritional value than ryegrass.
True
251
Which of the following is an estimate of the readily available carbohydrates (sugars, Starches, dextrins)?
```
A) Crude fiber
B) Neutral detergent fiber
C) Nitrogen free extract
D) Acid detergent fiber
E) None of the above
```
C) Nitrogen free extract
252
Which of the following is the portion of feed or tissue remaining after water is removed by drying in an oven?
```
A) Dry matter
B) Crude Protein
C) Ether extract
D) Ash
E) None of the above
```
A) Dry matter
253
The amount of heat produced when a feed is completely oxidized is known as:
```
A) Digestible energy
B) Metabolizable energy
C) Gross energy
D) net energy
E) None of the above
```
C) Gross energy
254
The amount of energy apparently absorbed from a feed after it has been consumed and digested is measured as:
```
A) Digestible energy
B) Metabolizable energy
C) Gross energy
D) Net energy
E) None of the above
```
A) Digestible energy
255
Which of the following includes only ensiled forages (maize, alfalfa, grass) but not ensiled fish, grain, roots, and tubers?
```
A) Dry forages and roughages
B) Pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh
C) Silages
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Silages
256
Which of the following are products with less than 20% protein and less than 18% crude fiber or less than 35% cell wall (DM)?
```
A) Energy feeds
B) Protein supplements
C) Vitamin supplements
D) Mineral supplements
E) None of the above
```
A) Energy feeds
257
Which of the following is a feedstuff that is low in energy and contains greater than 18% crude fiber?
```
A) Roughage
B) Carbonaceous concentrates
C) Protein concentrates
D) NPN (urea)
E) None of the above
```
A) Roughage
258
Which of the following can be defined as any component of a diet (ration) that serves some useful function?
```
A) Forage
B) Roughage
C) Herbage
D) Feedstuff
E) None of the above
```
D) Feedstuff
259
When calculating total digestible nutrients (TDN) in a feed, you must factor in:
```
A) Digestible crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract
B) Digestible crude protein
C) Digestible ether extract
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
260
Which of the following is determined by burning a sample in a muffle furnace for 2 h at 600 degrees C.
```
A) Dry Matter
B) Crude protein
C) Ash
D) Ether extract
E) None of the above
```
C) Ash
261
Which of the following involves an instrumental method for rapidly and reproducibly measuring the chemical composition of samples with little or no sample preparation.
```
A) Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
B) Proximate analysis
C) Bomb calorimetry
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
A) Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy
262
Which of the following includes all forages and roughages cut and cured and other products with more than 18% CF or more than 35% cell wall (DM)?
```
A) Dry forages and roughages
B) Pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh
C) Silage
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
A) Dry forages and roughages
263
Which of the following are compounds that prevent oxidative rancidity of unsaturated fats?
```
A) Hististats
B) Buffers and neutralizers
C) Anthelmintics
D) Antioxidants
E) None of the above
```
D) Antioxidants
264
Which of the following are substances produced by living organisms that have bacteriostatic or bactericidal properties?
```
A) Chemotherapeutic agents
B) Coccidostats
C) Antibiotics
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Antibiotics
265
Which of the following is determined by subtracting energy losses in urine and combustible gases from the digestible energy value?
```
A) Gross energy
B) Metabolizable energy
C) Digestible energy
D) Net energy
E) None of the above
```
B) Metabolizable energy
266
Which of the following is the chemical change that takes place in the cells of an animal in the fasting/resting state when it uses just enough energy to maintain vital life functions?
```
A) Basal metabolism
B) Heat to keep body warm
C) Energy of voluntary activity
D) Heat to keep body cool
E) None of the above
```
A) Basal metabolism
267
Which of the following is plant material, not including seeds or roots, utilized as food by herbivorous animals?
```
A) Forage
B) Roughage
C) Proteinaceous concentrates
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
E) None of the above
268
A feedstuff that is low in fiber and high in digestible energy nutrients is called:
```
A) Filler
B) Roughage
C) Concentrate
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Concentrate
269
Which of the following is defined as a total plant material available to be consumed by an animal?
```
A) Forage
B) Roughage
C) Herbage
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
A) Forage
270
Which of the following are inorganic compounds that inhibit the growth of organisms but are not produced by living organisms?
```
A) Chemotherapeutic agents
B) Coccidiostats
C) Antibiotics
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
A) Chemotherapeutic agents
271
Which of the following consists of a variety of drugs that prevent and treat coccidiosis in chickens, and a smaller number are used with turkeys and other farm livestock?
```
A) Chemotherapeutic agents
B) Coccidiostats
C) Antibiotics
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
B) Coccidiostats
272
Which of the following are compounds that lessen the decrease in pH caused by volatile fatty acids without causing any major increase in ruminal pH?
```
A) Histostats
B) Buffers and neutralizers
C) Anthelmintics
D) Antioxidants
E) None of the above
```
B) Buffers and neutralizers
273
Which of the following are compounds used to retain nutritive factors and to prevent deterioration (mold or bacteria inhibitors)?
```
A) Antioxidants
B) Direct fed microbials
C) Chemical preservatives
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
C) Chemical preservatives
274
Which of the following is the amount of energy needed in getting up, standing or moving?
```
A) Basal metabolism
B) Heat to keep body warm
C) Heat to keep body cool
D) Energy of involuntary activity
E) None of the above
```
E) None of the above
275
Which of the following is energy expended when the temperature of the environment is above thermal neutrality (panting, respiration/heart rate, etc.)?
```
A) Basal metabolism
B) Heat to keep body warm
C) Heat to keep body cool
D) Energy of voluntary activity
E) None of the above
```
C) Heat to keep body cool
276
Which of the following has limited use in the southern states and generally does not offer high-quality nutrition for maximal animal performance? Examples include tall fescue and wheatgrass.
```
A) Warm season perennials
B) Warm-season annuals
C) Cool-season perennials
D) Cool Season annuals
E) None of the above
```
C) Cool-season perennials
277
Which of the following are products that contain 20% or more protein (DM) from animal or vegetable origin?
```
A) Energy feeds
B) Protein Supplements
C) Mineral Supplements
D) Vitamin Supplements
E) None of the above
```
B) Protein Supplements
278
Which of the following offer higher quality (digestible) grazing but are expensive because they must be seeded each year. They serve as temporary pasture and maintain a relatively high carrying capacity. Their primary role in forage production is high-quality hay.
```
A) Warm season perennials
B) Cool-season perennials
C) Warm-season annuals
D) Cool-season annuals
E) None of the above
```
C) Warm-season annuals
279
Which of the following continue to produce for many years once established? They tend to be lower in digestibility and protein due to fiber buildup during the warmer part of the growing season.
```
A) Warm season perennials
B) Cool-season perennials
C) Warm-season annuals
D) Cool-season annuals
E) None of the above
```
A) Warm season perennials
280
Which of the following is determined by subtracting energy losses resulting from rumen fermentation and tissue metabolism from metabolizable energy?
```
A) Gross energy
B) Digestible energy
C) Metabolizable energy
D) Net energy
E) None of the above
```
D) Net energy
281
Which of the following is additional heat needed to keep the animal's body warm when the temperature of the environment is below critical temperature?
```
A) Basal Metabolism
B) Heat to keep body warm
C) Energy of voluntary activity
D) Heat to keep body cool
E) None of the above
```
B) Heat to keep body warm
282
General types of analytical methods for determining nutrient composition of feeds and feedstuffs include which of the following?
```
A) Biological procedures
B) Chemical procedures
C) Microbial procedures
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
D) All of the above
283
Which of the following gives an indication as to whether the animal will accept the feedstuff and the performance obtained from the feedstuff as compared to others but tells nothing of why different results were obtained?
```
A) Feeding trials
B) Metabolism trials
C) Digestion trials
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
A) Feeding trials
284
Which of the following includes all forage feeds either not cut (including feeds cured on the stem) or cut and fed fresh?
```
A) Dry forages and rouhages
B) Pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh
C) Silages
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
B) Pasture, range plants, and forages fed fresh
285
Which of the following is a term used by animal feeders and nutritionists to describe dietary components high in structural fiber (cellulose)?
```
A) Forage
B) Roughage
C) Herbage
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
```
B) Roughage
286
Which of the following are popular in beef production scenarios because of their high nutritional value, even though they are expensive to re-establish each year? Oats, rye, and wheat are examples.
```
A) Warm Season perennials
B) Warm Season annuals
C) Cool Season perennials
D) Cool Season annuals
E) None of the above
```
D) Cool Season annuals
287
True or False?
The key to reliable feed nutrient evaluation is obtaining a sample that represents the feed the animal will eat.
True
288
True or False?
There is a very set, standard procedure to determine the vitamins present in a feed.
False
289
True or False?
The kjedahl process is utilized to determine the amount of crude protein in a feed by assessing the amount of nitrogen in the sample.
True
290
True or False?
Proximate analysis is probably the most generally used chemical scheme for describing feedstuffs because it gives the most accurate reading of both quantity and quality of nutrients in a sample.
False
291
True or False?
Descriptions and claims of feed additives may be found in the Feed Additive Compendium.
True
292
True or False?
Evaluating feedstuffs for use in livestock diets may employ a number of procedures which should identify nutrient composition, palatability, digestibility, productive value and provide economic comparisons.
True
293
True or False?
One of the problems with assessing the amount of fat in a simple through ether extract is that this procedure includes any ether-soluble compounds as "fat".
True
294
True or False?
Digestion trials generally consist of two periods: A preliminary or adjustment period and a collection period.
True
295
True or False?
Bovine somatropin is a steroid hormone that is produced naturally in the cow's pituitary and helps regulate milk production.
False
296
True or False?
One 8-ounce serving of soy flour contains less estrogen than one 8-ounce serving of beef that received growth promotants (according to the rules and regulations for its use).
False
297
True or False?
Bahiagrass is considered a high-energy feedstuff.
False
298
True or False?
Green chop is commonly fed to livestock that are in confinement because they cannot (or have little access) to grazing.
True
299
True or False?
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy is used in most laboratories because it is easy to use and you can get results very quickly.
True
300
True or False?
The best way to determine digestibility of a feedstuff is to take a sample of the feed you are feeding and run an analysis (such as proximate analysis) in the laboratory.
False
