Common Nutrition Terms Flashcards
Nutrition
The study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes. 50-80% of total cost in livestock production is feed related
Nutrient
A component of feed that aids in the support of life. What is capable of being utilized by the animal.
Essential Nutrient
A nutrient that is required in the diet because it can’t be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to satisfy metabolic needs. These are not produced in the body in sufficient amounts to satisfy their needs.
Feed
Any material, after ingestion by the animal, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized. Not all feed is utilized.
Feedstuffs
Any ingredients used as food for animals. Forms the animal’s diet.
Diet
An aggregate of multiple feedstuffs in a specific proportion to meet the animal’s requirements.
Ration
A food allowance for one day is used because most feeds are mixed in large amounts and you wouldn’t want to over or under-feed your animals.
Prehension
Taking in feed or water.
Mastication
Reduction of feed particle size, generally by chewing. Increases the surface area to allow enzymes to mix in with feedstuff easier in order to aid in digesion.
Deglutition
Act of swallowing.
Regurgitation
Casting up of undigested material.
Digestion
Preparation of food or feed for absorption, Includes physical/mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial action. Breakdown of complex compounds into simpler materials.
Absorption
Transfer of substances from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph nodes and their distribution. Takes place after passing through the mucous membrane.
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissues.
Anabolism
growth or building process. Putting together legos
Catabolism
breakdown or destruction reactions. Taking apart legos
Excretion
Removal of wastes
Carnivores
Species of animals that feed almost entirely on flesh of other animals. Lions, tigers, snakes, sharks
Omnivores
Species of animals consume both plants and flesh. Chickens and pigs.
Herbivores
Species of animals depend entirely on plants for food. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.
Digestion
Preparation of food or feed for absorption
Physical and mechanical digestion
mastication and peristalsis
Chemical Digestion
hydrochloric acid and bile
Enzymatic Digestion
enzymes which increase the speed of the breakdown of chemical bonds in foods
Microbial Digestion
populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi in the rumen and large intestine
Monogastric
having one stomach; also referred to as simple-stomached or “non-ruminant”
Ruminant
mammal whose stomach has four parts, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
Parotid
contains serous secretory portions and produces zymogen granules which are essentially secretory vesicles containing enzyme precursors
Submaxillary (Submandibular)
produce a seromucous (have serous and mucous secretory portions) fraction
Sublingual
contains mucous secretory portions
Serous glands
secretions
rich in proteins and water
Mucous glands
secretions rich in
glycoproteins and water
Water from salivary glands
moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms
Mucin from salivary glands
lubrication aid for swallowing
Bicarbonate salts from salivary glands
(sodium bicarbonate) act as a buffer to regulate stomach pH
Amylase from salivary glands
digestive enzyme that starts to break down simple sugars in the feed
swine saliva
secretion of salivary amylase
Ruminants saliva
no enzymes are secreted. Provides source of N, P, and K.
Horse esophagus
only one-way peristaltic waves
Ruminant esophagus
– two–way movement that allows for regurgitation of bolus for chewing of cud.
Cardia
sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, which controls passage of ingesta into the stomach, or out.
Esophageal region
nonglandular area surrounding the cardia
Cardiac gland region
contains cells that produce primarily mucous (protects stomach lining)
Fundic gland region
contains cells that provide the gastric secretions needed for the initial stages of digestion
Parietal cells
produce hydrochloric acid
Chief cells
produce enzymes or precursors of enzymes
Pyloric gland region
contains cells that produce mucous and some proteolytic enzymes
Pylorus
sphincter at the beginning of the small intestine which controls passage of material (chyme) out of the stomach
Duodenum
Receives secretions from brunners gland, pancreas, and liver.
Brunner’s Gland
Alkaline secretion
Pancreas
secretes majority of digestive juices with hormone secretion
Liver (bile stored in gall bladder)
Jejunum
Active site of nutrient absorption
Ileum
Active site of nutrient absorption
Bile Salts
emulsify fats, activate lipase
Cholesterol
Bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme are stored in the gall bladder
chicken Crop
enlargement of the esophagus that stores feed
chicken Proventriculus
a glandular stomach that Secretes gastric juices (pepsin) and hydrochloric acid.
chicken Gizzard/Ventriculus
grinds feed
chicken Small Intestine
similar to mammals; no lactase
Chicken Ceca and Large Intestine
water resorption; some fiber digestion and water-soluble vitamin synthesis; large intestine only 2-4 inches in length
chicken Cloaca
passageway for products of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts
