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Principles of Animal Nutrition > Common Nutrition Terms > Flashcards

Common Nutrition Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

The study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes. 50-80% of total cost in livestock production is feed related

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

A component of feed that aids in the support of life. What is capable of being utilized by the animal.

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3
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

A nutrient that is required in the diet because it can’t be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to satisfy metabolic needs. These are not produced in the body in sufficient amounts to satisfy their needs.

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4
Q

Feed

A

Any material, after ingestion by the animal, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized. Not all feed is utilized.

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5
Q

Feedstuffs

A

Any ingredients used as food for animals. Forms the animal’s diet.

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6
Q

Diet

A

An aggregate of multiple feedstuffs in a specific proportion to meet the animal’s requirements.

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7
Q

Ration

A

A food allowance for one day is used because most feeds are mixed in large amounts and you wouldn’t want to over or under-feed your animals.

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8
Q

Prehension

A

Taking in feed or water.

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9
Q

Mastication

A

Reduction of feed particle size, generally by chewing. Increases the surface area to allow enzymes to mix in with feedstuff easier in order to aid in digesion.

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10
Q

Deglutition

A

Act of swallowing.

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11
Q

Regurgitation

A

Casting up of undigested material.

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Preparation of food or feed for absorption, Includes physical/mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial action. Breakdown of complex compounds into simpler materials.

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13
Q

Absorption

A

Transfer of substances from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph nodes and their distribution. Takes place after passing through the mucous membrane.

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissues.

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15
Q

Anabolism

A

growth or building process. Putting together legos

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown or destruction reactions. Taking apart legos

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17
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of wastes

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18
Q

Carnivores

A

Species of animals that feed almost entirely on flesh of other animals. Lions, tigers, snakes, sharks

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19
Q

Omnivores

A

Species of animals consume both plants and flesh. Chickens and pigs.

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20
Q

Herbivores

A

Species of animals depend entirely on plants for food. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.

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21
Q

Digestion

A

Preparation of food or feed for absorption

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22
Q

Physical and mechanical digestion

A

mastication and peristalsis

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23
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

hydrochloric acid and bile

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24
Q

Enzymatic Digestion

A

enzymes which increase the speed of the breakdown of chemical bonds in foods

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25
Q

Microbial Digestion

A

populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi in the rumen and large intestine

26
Q

Monogastric

A

having one stomach; also referred to as simple-stomached or “non-ruminant”

27
Q

Ruminant

A

mammal whose stomach has four parts, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

28
Q

Parotid

A

contains serous secretory portions and produces zymogen granules which are essentially secretory vesicles containing enzyme precursors

29
Q

Submaxillary (Submandibular)

A

produce a seromucous (have serous and mucous secretory portions) fraction

30
Q

Sublingual

A

contains mucous secretory portions

31
Q

Serous glands

A

secretions

rich in proteins and water

32
Q

Mucous glands

A

secretions rich in

glycoproteins and water

33
Q

Water from salivary glands

A

moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms

34
Q

Mucin from salivary glands

A

lubrication aid for swallowing

35
Q

Bicarbonate salts from salivary glands

A

(sodium bicarbonate) act as a buffer to regulate stomach pH

36
Q

Amylase from salivary glands

A

digestive enzyme that starts to break down simple sugars in the feed

37
Q

swine saliva

A

secretion of salivary amylase

38
Q

Ruminants saliva

A

no enzymes are secreted. Provides source of N, P, and K.

39
Q

Horse esophagus

A

only one-way peristaltic waves

40
Q

Ruminant esophagus

A

– two–way movement that allows for regurgitation of bolus for chewing of cud.

41
Q

Cardia

A

sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, which controls passage of ingesta into the stomach, or out.

42
Q

Esophageal region

A

nonglandular area surrounding the cardia

43
Q

Cardiac gland region

A

contains cells that produce primarily mucous (protects stomach lining)

44
Q

Fundic gland region

A

contains cells that provide the gastric secretions needed for the initial stages of digestion

45
Q

Parietal cells

A

produce hydrochloric acid

46
Q

Chief cells

A

produce enzymes or precursors of enzymes

47
Q

Pyloric gland region

A

contains cells that produce mucous and some proteolytic enzymes

48
Q

Pylorus

A

sphincter at the beginning of the small intestine which controls passage of material (chyme) out of the stomach

49
Q

Duodenum

A

Receives secretions from brunners gland, pancreas, and liver.

50
Q

Brunner’s Gland

A

Alkaline secretion

51
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes majority of digestive juices with hormone secretion

Liver (bile stored in gall bladder)

52
Q

Jejunum

A

Active site of nutrient absorption

53
Q

Ileum

A

Active site of nutrient absorption

54
Q

Bile Salts

A

emulsify fats, activate lipase

55
Q

Cholesterol

A

Bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme are stored in the gall bladder

56
Q

chicken Crop

A

enlargement of the esophagus that stores feed

57
Q

chicken Proventriculus

A

a glandular stomach that Secretes gastric juices (pepsin) and hydrochloric acid.

58
Q

chicken Gizzard/Ventriculus

A

grinds feed

59
Q

chicken Small Intestine

A

similar to mammals; no lactase

60
Q

Chicken Ceca and Large Intestine

A

water resorption; some fiber digestion and water-soluble vitamin synthesis; large intestine only 2-4 inches in length

61
Q

chicken Cloaca

A

passageway for products of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts

Principles of Animal Nutrition (5 decks)

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