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Block 2 > VLE and SocPop > Flashcards

VLE and SocPop Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the paternalistic patient doctor relationship

A

Doctor-led

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2
Q

Describe the shared patient doctor relationship

A

Partnership

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3
Q

Describe the informed patient doctor relationship

A

Patient led

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4
Q

What ethical principle underlines the paternalistic model of Dr-patient relationships?

A

Beneficence

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5
Q

What ethical principle underlines the informed model of Dr-patient relationships?

A

Autonomy

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6
Q

What tool can Drs use to stimulate a shared decision making environment?

A

ICE

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7
Q

Define sex

A

Biological and physiological characteristics that are used to categorise people as male or female

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8
Q

Define gender

A

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males and females

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9
Q

Define gender identity

A

Internal sense of one’s own gender

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10
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

A duty of confidence arises when one person discloses information to another in circumstances where it is reasonable to expect the information will be held in confidence

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11
Q

What areas of law cover the use and disclosure of confidential information?

A

Common Law of Confidentiality
Data Protection Act 2018
Human Rights Act 1998
Administrative Law

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12
Q

What ethical concepts underpin confidentiality?

A

Autonomy
Privacy
Identity
Promise keeping/trust

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13
Q

When is it justifiable to breach confidentiality?

A

The patient consents
It is required by law
It is justified in the public interest

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14
Q

What is the epidemiological transition?

A

A change in a state of birth and death rates - as social and economic development improves, these rates go down leading to an increase in total population.

Deaths from acute infection decline, deaths from chronic and non-communicable diseases increase

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15
Q

Why is infant mortality a concern in public health?

A

Particularly good indicator of nations health status - linked with a nation’s living conditions

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16
Q

Comment on child (1-15)mortality in the UK

A

Higher rates compared to other EU countries

Under 5 mortality is 50% higher than Sweden

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17
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

Average years a newborn baby could be expected to live if the mortality patterns at time of birth stayed constant.

18
Q

What is healthy life expectancy?

A

Is the average number of years in a particular year can expect to live in a state of general ‘good’ health.

Women tend to live longer than men but men spend a greater proportion of their life in ‘good health’. This is self-defined measure from questionnaires, could be subjective? However corresponds with objective measures

19
Q

What are the leading causes of death in England and Wales in order?

A 
Dementia and Alzheimer's
IHD
Cerebrovascular disease
Chronic lower respiratory disease 
Lung cancer
20
Q

What are the leading causes of death in men and women?

A

Women - dementia

Men - IHD

21
Q

Which cancer is the main cause of cancer deaths in both men and women?

A

Lung cancer

22
Q

What is used to classify socio-economic class?

A

Registrar General’s socio-economic classification

23
Q

Which socio-economic class has the highest rate of mortality and morbidity?

A

Routine and manual jobs (lower socio-economic status).

Also evident in child and infant mortality

24
Q

What geographical locations have high morbidity and mortality rates?

A

North, West, and urban areas

25
Q

What are the 2 explanatory models for health inequality?

A

Behavioural and cultural model
Social inequality:
- material and neo-materialist model
- psychosocial model

26
Q

What does the Marmot review say about social inequality and health behaviour?`

A

People with low incomes have high cognitive load and find it difficult to make decisions about the future. Would rather feed children something that they can afford than nothing at all

27
Q

Summarise the materialist explanation to health inequality

A

Low socio-economic status is associated with poorer access to material health resources e.g. food, fuel, heating, exercise etc.

28
Q

Summarise the psychosocial explanation to health inequality

A

Psychosocial stress can lead us to make poorer health style choices e.g. drink, drugs.

The stress of a low income can exacerbate these processes leading to the social gradient of health outcomes.

The greater the inequality, the more lower-income people can feel like they’re worse off e.g. holidays, designer clothes. Can lead to more stress.

Poor health outcomes are associated with lower social control over life

29
Q

Define prevention

A

Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimising the impact of disease and disability, or if none of these is feasible, retarding the progress of disease and disability.

30
Q

Define health promotion

A

the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health

31
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Pre-disease, avoid a disease starting in the first place e.g. immunisations

32
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Latent or early stage of disease, early detection e.g. smear tests

33
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Symptomatic disease, limit the damage of the disease to maximise QOL e.g. rehab programmes, palliative care, pain management

34
Q

What is the high risk strategy of health prevention?

A

To bring preventative care to high risk individuals.

Requires detection and follow up.

35
Q

What is the population strategy of health prevention?

A

Directed at the whole population irrelevant of those at risk.
This approach is directed towards socio-economic factors. Policies intervene at this point e.g. sugar tax, vaccinations

36
Q

What are Ewles and Simnett’s 5 approaches to health promotion?

A 
Medical
Behaviour change
Educational
Client centred
Societal change
37
Q

Summarise Beattie’s Model of health promotion

A

4 quadrants:
Authoritative –> negotiated
Individual –> collective.
Makes a cross. Different ideologies fit into the 4 quadrants

38
Q

What is health inequality?

A

The unjust and avoidable differences in people’s health across the population and between specific population groups.

39
Q

What are the 4 recommendations from the Marmot review?

A

Reduce the social gradient
Progressive universalism

Action across all social determinants

Action across all sectors

Participatory decision making at local level

40
Q

What is progressive/proportionate universalism?

A

Improvements of health in all groups , but the rate of improvement increases at each step downwards on the socio-economic scale.

Delivery of resources at a scale and intensity proportionate to need

Block 2 (10 decks)

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