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Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do blood vessels develop?

What else develops here?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

Placenta and umbilical cord

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2
Q

When is blood present in fetal vessels?

A

End of week 3

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3
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Outer skin

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4
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Inner skin

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5
Q

What day does the cardiogenic mesoderm develop?

A

Day 18 (week 3)

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6
Q

What day does the heart start beating?

A

Day 22/23

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7
Q

Where are the angiogenic cell clustered formed?

A

Mesodermal tissue

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8
Q

What forms the adult diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum

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9
Q

Name the five swellings of the heart tube

A 
Sinus venosus
Atria
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus
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10
Q

What develops from the sinus venosus?

A

Smooth wall of right atria

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11
Q

What develops from the atria?

A

Rough wall of both atria

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12
Q

What develops from the ventricle?

A

Ventricle

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13
Q

What develops from the bulbus cordis?

A

Outflow regions/tracts of both ventricles

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14
Q

What develops from the truncus arteriosus?

A

Initial part of aorta and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins grow from?

A

From the smooth part of the left atrium wall

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16
Q

What is the smooth part of the R atrial wall made from?

A

Right horn of the sinus venosus (heart tube)

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17
Q

What is the rough part of the R atrial wall made from?

A

Atria (heart tube)

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18
Q

What is the smooth part of the L atrial wall made from?

A

Its growth into the pulmonary veins

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19
Q

What is the rough section of the L atrium called?

A

Oracle

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20
Q

Where are the two cardiac shunts in utero?

A

RA –> LA

Pulmonary trunk –> aorta

21
Q

How does dextrocardia occur?

A

Bulbus cordis to the left

Ventricle to the right

22
Q

What forms from the atrioventricular canal?

A

Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

23
Q

What forms the AV septum?

A

Endocardial cushion growing across the AV canal

24
Q

What grows from the superior portion of the atria towards the endocardial cushion?

A

Septum primum

25
Where does the septum secundum form?
RA
26
What is the foramen ovale and what is it for?
A hole between then septum secundum and septum primum. To allow shunting to continue between the R and L sides of the heart. Septum secundum is stiff, septum primum is floppy - allows blood from R to L but NOT from L to R - pressure gradient driven.
27
What is a probe-patent foramen ovale? What does this increase the risk of?
Hole maintained between R and L atrium Stroke
28
After birth, which way will a shunt occur in an atrial septal defect?
Left to right
29
What is the ventricular septum formed from?
Muscle, membrane and endocardial cushion
30
What separates the aorta and pulmonary trunk? | when does this happen?
Spiral septum | Week 5
31
What causes truncus arteriosus defects?
Failure of bulbar ridge formation
32
Tetralogy of Fallot:
Pulmonary stenosis RV hypertrophy Over riding aorta Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
33
4 cyanotic defects in babies:
Transposition of great vessels Tetralogy of Fallot Truncus arteriosus defects Critical pulmonary stenosis
34
3 non-cyanotic defects
Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus
35
What three arteries arise from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic artery Left common carotid Left subclavian
36
What three veins feed into the R brachiocephalic vein?
R subclavian R external jugular R internal jugular
37
What four veins feed into the L brachiocephalic vein?
L subclavian L external jugular L internal jugular L superior intercostal
38
Where does the R common carotid and R subclavian arteries arise from?
Brachiocephalic artery
39
Which vein is recommended for CVC insertion? | Why?
Right internal jugular vein Larger diameter More superficial Lower risk of pneumothorax and arterial bleeding
40
Where would you place V1?
R 4th intercostal space at sternal margin
41
Where would you place V2?
L 4th intercostal space at sternal margin
42
Where would you place V3?
Midway between V2 and V4
43
Where would you place V4?
L 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line
44
Where would you place V5?
L anterior axillary line on the same horizontal plane as V4
45
Where would you place V6?
L mid axillary line on the same horizontal plane as V4 V5
46
How do you work out the rate from an ECG?
300 / no. of large squares between QRS complexes | 1500 / no. of small squares
47
What does one small square on an ECG represent?
0.04 seconds
48
What does one large square on an ECG represent?
0.2 seconds

Block 2 (10 decks)

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