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Block 2 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do blood vessels develop?

What else develops here?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

Placenta and umbilical cord

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2
Q

When is blood present in fetal vessels?

A

End of week 3

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3
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Outer skin

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4
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Inner skin

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5
Q

What day does the cardiogenic mesoderm develop?

A

Day 18 (week 3)

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6
Q

What day does the heart start beating?

A

Day 22/23

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7
Q

Where are the angiogenic cell clustered formed?

A

Mesodermal tissue

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8
Q

What forms the adult diaphragm?

A

Septum transversum

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9
Q

Name the five swellings of the heart tube

A 
Sinus venosus
Atria
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus
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10
Q

What develops from the sinus venosus?

A

Smooth wall of right atria

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11
Q

What develops from the atria?

A

Rough wall of both atria

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12
Q

What develops from the ventricle?

A

Ventricle

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13
Q

What develops from the bulbus cordis?

A

Outflow regions/tracts of both ventricles

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14
Q

What develops from the truncus arteriosus?

A

Initial part of aorta and pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins grow from?

A

From the smooth part of the left atrium wall

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16
Q

What is the smooth part of the R atrial wall made from?

A

Right horn of the sinus venosus (heart tube)

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17
Q

What is the rough part of the R atrial wall made from?

A

Atria (heart tube)

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18
Q

What is the smooth part of the L atrial wall made from?

A

Its growth into the pulmonary veins

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19
Q

What is the rough section of the L atrium called?

A

Oracle

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20
Q

Where are the two cardiac shunts in utero?

A

RA –> LA

Pulmonary trunk –> aorta

21
Q

How does dextrocardia occur?

A

Bulbus cordis to the left

Ventricle to the right

22
Q

What forms from the atrioventricular canal?

A

Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

23
Q

What forms the AV septum?

A

Endocardial cushion growing across the AV canal

24
Q

What grows from the superior portion of the atria towards the endocardial cushion?

A

Septum primum

25
Q

Where does the septum secundum form?

A

RA

26
Q

What is the foramen ovale and what is it for?

A

A hole between then septum secundum and septum primum.

To allow shunting to continue between the R and L sides of the heart.

Septum secundum is stiff, septum primum is floppy - allows blood from R to L but NOT from L to R - pressure gradient driven.

27
Q

What is a probe-patent foramen ovale?

What does this increase the risk of?

A

Hole maintained between R and L atrium

Stroke

28
Q

After birth, which way will a shunt occur in an atrial septal defect?

A

Left to right

29
Q

What is the ventricular septum formed from?

A

Muscle, membrane and endocardial cushion

30
Q

What separates the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

when does this happen?

A

Spiral septum

Week 5

31
Q

What causes truncus arteriosus defects?

A

Failure of bulbar ridge formation

32
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot:

A

Pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy
Over riding aorta
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

33
Q

4 cyanotic defects in babies:

A

Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of Fallot
Truncus arteriosus defects
Critical pulmonary stenosis

34
Q

3 non-cyanotic defects

A

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus

35
Q

What three arteries arise from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

36
Q

What three veins feed into the R brachiocephalic vein?

A

R subclavian
R external jugular
R internal jugular

37
Q

What four veins feed into the L brachiocephalic vein?

A

L subclavian
L external jugular
L internal jugular
L superior intercostal

38
Q

Where does the R common carotid and R subclavian arteries arise from?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

39
Q

Which vein is recommended for CVC insertion?

Why?

A

Right internal jugular vein
Larger diameter
More superficial
Lower risk of pneumothorax and arterial bleeding

40
Q

Where would you place V1?

A

R 4th intercostal space at sternal margin

41
Q

Where would you place V2?

A

L 4th intercostal space at sternal margin

42
Q

Where would you place V3?

A

Midway between V2 and V4

43
Q

Where would you place V4?

A

L 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line

44
Q

Where would you place V5?

A

L anterior axillary line on the same horizontal plane as V4

45
Q

Where would you place V6?

A

L mid axillary line on the same horizontal plane as V4 V5

46
Q

How do you work out the rate from an ECG?

A

300 / no. of large squares between QRS complexes

1500 / no. of small squares

47
Q

What does one small square on an ECG represent?

A

0.04 seconds

48
Q

What does one large square on an ECG represent?

A

0.2 seconds

Block 2 (10 decks)

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