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Block 2 > Ears, nose and throat anatomy > Flashcards

Ears, nose and throat anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three portions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What is the entrance to the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal choanae

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3
Q

What divides the oral and nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

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4
Q

Name the three bony prominences within the nasal cavity

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

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5
Q

What sits underneath each concha?

A

Meatus

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6
Q

Which way do the concha project?

A

Inferomedial

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7
Q

Name the functions of the nasal cavity and concha

A

Create turbulent air flow
Warm air
Resonate sounds
Trap dust

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8
Q

Name the three mucosa lined regions of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal vestibule region
Respiratory region
Olfactory region

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal vestibule region - hair lined stratified squamous.

Respiratory region - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus producing Goblet cells and hairs.

Olfactory region - pseudostratified squamous with Goblet producing mucus cells. Contains olfactory bulb.

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10
Q

What bones/cartilage make up the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage
Ethmoid bone
Vomer

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11
Q

Which bones make up the conch?

A

Superior and middle - ethmoid bone

Inferior concha - a bone in itself

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12
Q

Which two vessels supply blood to the nasal cavity?

A

External and internal carotid arteries.

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13
Q

What do the arterioles in the nasal septum form when they anastomose?

A

Kiesselbach plexus

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14
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the nasal cavity?

A 
CN Va (ophthalmic division)
CN I (olfactory) 
CN Vb (maxillary division)
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15
Q

Where does CN Va take pain referral to/from?

A

Frontal head

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16
Q

Where does CN Vb take pain referral to/from?

A

Maxillary teeth

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17
Q

What are the five branches of CN V?

A

Ophthalmic zone
Maxillary zone
Mandibular zone

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18
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

Lower portion of ethmoid bone with holes in the project CN I (olfactory nerve)

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19
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct becomes blocked?

A

Epiphora

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20
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct becomes inflamed?

A

Darcryocystitis

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21
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct is mechanically blocked?

A

Dacrostenosis

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22
Q

Name the four paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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23
Q

What type of epithelium can be found in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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24
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

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25
Q

Where do the ethmoid, maxillary and frontal sinuses drain to?

A

Middle meatus

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26
Q

What is special about the maxillary sinus?

A

It doesn’t drain with gravity, drains superiorly

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27
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain to?

A

Above the superior conch.

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28
Q

What can poor drainage of the maxillary sinus lead to?

A

Teeth infections

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29
Q

Why is the sphenoid sinus important in terms of surgery?

A

Can be used to access pituitary glands

30
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the sinuses?

A

CN Va

EXCEPT maxillary sinus CN Vb (maxillary division)

31
Q

Name the parts of the internal ear

A 
External acoustic meatus
Tympanic membrane
Middle ear + auditory tube
Inner ear 
Internal acoustic meatus
32
Q

What is the auditory tube a passage between?

A

Middle ear and nasopharynx

33
Q

Where does the pinna, EAM and TM get its innervation from?

A

C2 +3

CN Vc, CN VII, CN X.

34
Q

Describe pain referral to/from the ear

A 
Mandible and mandibular teeth (CN Vc) 
Temporomandibular joint (CN Vc) 
Laryngopharynx (CN X) 
Larynx (CN X) 
Cardiac (CN X)
35
Q

Describe sensory innervation of EAM

A

CN Vc and CN X

36
Q

What runs down the middle of the tympanic membrane?

A

Handle of malleus ending in the umbo

37
Q

What nerve runs behind the TM and what does it innervate?

A

Chorda tympani
Innervates the tongue
Senses taste anterior 2/3rds of tongue

38
Q

How is the outer layer of the TM innervated?

Where will it get pain referral from/to?

A

CN Vc and CN x

Mandible and mandibular teeth
Temperomandibular joint
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Cardiac
39
Q

How is the inner layer of the TM innervated?

Where will it get pain referral from/ to?

What epithelium does it have?

A

CN IX

Pharynx

Respiratory mucosa (makes mucus)

40
Q

What cranial nerve carries sensory from all portions of pharynx, middle ear, auditory tube and inner TM?

A

CN IX

41
Q

Name the three bones of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

42
Q

What lines the middle ear?

A

Respiratory mucosa

43
Q

Where does the tensor tympani originate and insert?

Nerve supply?

A

Bony canal above the pharyngotympanic tube
Neck of malleus

CN Vc

44
Q

Where does the stapedius tendon originate and insert?

Nerve supply?

A

Pyramidal eminence
Stapes

CN VII

45
Q

What nerve runs behind the posterior wall of the middle ear?

A

CN VII (facial nerve)

46
Q

How can facial palsy cause hyperacusis?

A

Paralyses facial nerve (CN VII), lack of innervation of stapedius tendon, inability to limit loud noises.

47
Q

What blood vessels run in front of the middle ear?

A

Internal jugular vein

Internal carotid artery

48
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Middle ear infection.

Can spread into the mastoid air cells and break through the posterior wall

49
Q

Describe the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube

A

1/3 bone 2/3 cartilage

Lined with respiratory mucosa

50
Q

Describe acute infective (suppurative) otitis media

A

Result of infection spread from nasopharynx

Pus accumulates - compresses TM

Perforation causes relief

51
Q

Describe secretory otitis media (glue ear)

A

Build up of mucoid fluid - blockage of auditory tube

Causes conductive hearting loss

S+L developmental problems

52
Q

Describe the embryological formation of the EAM

A

1st cleft

53
Q

Describe the embryological formation of the middle ear and auditory canal

A

1st pouch

54
Q

What embryological area forms the tensor tympani, malleus and incus?

A

1st arch

55
Q

What nerve forms from the 1st arch?

A

CN V

56
Q

What embryological area forms the stapedius and stapes?

A

2nd arch

57
Q

What nerve forms from the 2nd arch?

A

CN VII

58
Q

What are the two branches of CNX that supply the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

59
Q

What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

External laryngeal nerve

60
Q

What function does the internal laryngeal nerve have?

A

Sensory innervation above vocal folds

61
Q

What function does the external laryngeal nerve have?

A

Motor innervation to cricothyroid

62
Q

What function does the recurrent laryngeal nerve have?

A

Sensory below vocal folds

Motor supply to all laryngeal muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid

63
Q

What nerve carries sensory innervation above the vocal folds?

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

64
Q

What nerve carries motor innervation to the cricothyroid?

A

External laryngeal nerve

65
Q

What nerve carries motor innervation below vocal folds and motor to all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

66
Q

At what vertebral levels does the larynx sit?

A

C2-C6/7

67
Q

Which muscle abducts the vocal ligaments (away from midline, opens up?)

A

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

68
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?

A

Abducts vocal ligaments away from midline, opens them up

69
Q

Which muscle adducts the vocal ligament (towards midline, closes?)

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

70
Q

What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do?

A

Adducts vocal ligament towards midline, closes them

71
Q

Name the four functions of the thyroarytenoid muscle

A

Pulls arytenoid cartilage forward
Pulls thyroid cartilage posteriorly and superiorly
Relax part of vocal folds
Lower pitch

Block 2 (10 decks)

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