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Block 2 > Ears, nose and throat anatomy > Flashcards

Ears, nose and throat anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three portions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharnyx
Laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What is the entrance to the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal choanae

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3
Q

What divides the oral and nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

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4
Q

Name the three bony prominences within the nasal cavity

A

Superior concha
Middle concha
Inferior concha

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5
Q

What sits underneath each concha?

A

Meatus

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6
Q

Which way do the concha project?

A

Inferomedial

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7
Q

Name the functions of the nasal cavity and concha

A

Create turbulent air flow
Warm air
Resonate sounds
Trap dust

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8
Q

Name the three mucosa lined regions of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal vestibule region
Respiratory region
Olfactory region

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal vestibule region - hair lined stratified squamous.

Respiratory region - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus producing Goblet cells and hairs.

Olfactory region - pseudostratified squamous with Goblet producing mucus cells. Contains olfactory bulb.

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10
Q

What bones/cartilage make up the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage
Ethmoid bone
Vomer

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11
Q

Which bones make up the conch?

A

Superior and middle - ethmoid bone

Inferior concha - a bone in itself

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12
Q

Which two vessels supply blood to the nasal cavity?

A

External and internal carotid arteries.

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13
Q

What do the arterioles in the nasal septum form when they anastomose?

A

Kiesselbach plexus

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14
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the nasal cavity?

A 
CN Va (ophthalmic division)
CN I (olfactory) 
CN Vb (maxillary division)
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15
Q

Where does CN Va take pain referral to/from?

A

Frontal head

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16
Q

Where does CN Vb take pain referral to/from?

A

Maxillary teeth

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17
Q

What are the five branches of CN V?

A

Ophthalmic zone
Maxillary zone
Mandibular zone

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18
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

Lower portion of ethmoid bone with holes in the project CN I (olfactory nerve)

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19
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct becomes blocked?

A

Epiphora

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20
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct becomes inflamed?

A

Darcryocystitis

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21
Q

What happens when the nasolacrimal duct is mechanically blocked?

A

Dacrostenosis

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22
Q

Name the four paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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23
Q

What type of epithelium can be found in the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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24
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

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25
Where do the ethmoid, maxillary and frontal sinuses drain to?
Middle meatus
26
What is special about the maxillary sinus?
It doesn't drain with gravity, drains superiorly
27
Where does the sphenoid sinus drain to?
Above the superior conch.
28
What can poor drainage of the maxillary sinus lead to?
Teeth infections
29
Why is the sphenoid sinus important in terms of surgery?
Can be used to access pituitary glands
30
What is the sensory innervation of the sinuses?
CN Va | EXCEPT maxillary sinus CN Vb (maxillary division)
31
Name the parts of the internal ear
``` External acoustic meatus Tympanic membrane Middle ear + auditory tube Inner ear Internal acoustic meatus ```
32
What is the auditory tube a passage between?
Middle ear and nasopharynx
33
Where does the pinna, EAM and TM get its innervation from?
C2 +3 | CN Vc, CN VII, CN X.
34
Describe pain referral to/from the ear
``` Mandible and mandibular teeth (CN Vc) Temporomandibular joint (CN Vc) Laryngopharynx (CN X) Larynx (CN X) Cardiac (CN X) ```
35
Describe sensory innervation of EAM
CN Vc and CN X
36
What runs down the middle of the tympanic membrane?
Handle of malleus ending in the umbo
37
What nerve runs behind the TM and what does it innervate?
Chorda tympani Innervates the tongue Senses taste anterior 2/3rds of tongue
38
How is the outer layer of the TM innervated? Where will it get pain referral from/to?
CN Vc and CN x ``` Mandible and mandibular teeth Temperomandibular joint Laryngopharynx Larynx Cardiac ```
39
How is the inner layer of the TM innervated? Where will it get pain referral from/ to? What epithelium does it have?
CN IX Pharynx Respiratory mucosa (makes mucus)
40
What cranial nerve carries sensory from all portions of pharynx, middle ear, auditory tube and inner TM?
CN IX
41
Name the three bones of the middle ear
Malleus Incus Stapes
42
What lines the middle ear?
Respiratory mucosa
43
Where does the tensor tympani originate and insert? Nerve supply?
Bony canal above the pharyngotympanic tube Neck of malleus CN Vc
44
Where does the stapedius tendon originate and insert? Nerve supply?
Pyramidal eminence Stapes CN VII
45
What nerve runs behind the posterior wall of the middle ear?
CN VII (facial nerve)
46
How can facial palsy cause hyperacusis?
Paralyses facial nerve (CN VII), lack of innervation of stapedius tendon, inability to limit loud noises.
47
What blood vessels run in front of the middle ear?
Internal jugular vein | Internal carotid artery
48
What is otitis media?
Middle ear infection. Can spread into the mastoid air cells and break through the posterior wall
49
Describe the pharyngotympanic/auditory tube
1/3 bone 2/3 cartilage | Lined with respiratory mucosa
50
Describe acute infective (suppurative) otitis media
Result of infection spread from nasopharynx Pus accumulates - compresses TM Perforation causes relief
51
Describe secretory otitis media (glue ear)
Build up of mucoid fluid - blockage of auditory tube Causes conductive hearting loss S+L developmental problems
52
Describe the embryological formation of the EAM
1st cleft
53
Describe the embryological formation of the middle ear and auditory canal
1st pouch
54
What embryological area forms the tensor tympani, malleus and incus?
1st arch
55
What nerve forms from the 1st arch?
CN V
56
What embryological area forms the stapedius and stapes?
2nd arch
57
What nerve forms from the 2nd arch?
CN VII
58
What are the two branches of CNX that supply the larynx?
Superior laryngeal nerve | Recurrent laryngeal nerve
59
What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Internal laryngeal nerve | External laryngeal nerve
60
What function does the internal laryngeal nerve have?
Sensory innervation above vocal folds
61
What function does the external laryngeal nerve have?
Motor innervation to cricothyroid
62
What function does the recurrent laryngeal nerve have?
Sensory below vocal folds | Motor supply to all laryngeal muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid
63
What nerve carries sensory innervation above the vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal nerve
64
What nerve carries motor innervation to the cricothyroid?
External laryngeal nerve
65
What nerve carries motor innervation below vocal folds and motor to all laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
66
At what vertebral levels does the larynx sit?
C2-C6/7
67
Which muscle abducts the vocal ligaments (away from midline, opens up?)
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
68
What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle do?
Abducts vocal ligaments away from midline, opens them up
69
Which muscle adducts the vocal ligament (towards midline, closes?)
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
70
What does the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle do?
Adducts vocal ligament towards midline, closes them
71
Name the four functions of the thyroarytenoid muscle
Pulls arytenoid cartilage forward Pulls thyroid cartilage posteriorly and superiorly Relax part of vocal folds Lower pitch

Block 2 (10 decks)

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