Viticulture & Vinification Flashcards by Amber Rill

T/F High soil acidity contributes to higher acidity in grapes?

T, low pH and higher acidity

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Is limestone high or low in soil acidity?

High

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What is a clone?

Identical genetic reproductions of a single vine

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What is selection massale?

Selection of budwood with favorable traits from vineyard, grafted onto separate rootstock. Maintains broader genetic diversity

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When will vines emerge from dormancy?

When avg. air temperatures surpass 50°

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What is coulure?

When embryo berries shatter and fall from cluster, not resulting in fruit set

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What classifies climates solely by temperature?

California Heat Summation (Winkler Index)

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T/F Cordon trained vines have no canes?

F. Cordon trained vines have one or more permanent canes, from which fruit bearing shoots emerge each season

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Do cordon or head trained vines typically require a trellising system?

Cordon trained vines require a trellising system. Head trained by be staked, trellised, or nothing

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Are cordon trained vines head pruned or spur pruned?

Spur pruned

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What is spur pruning?

Upper cane growing from spur will be removed during pruning, lower can will be cut back to 2 spurs. Each spur will produce 2 fruiting canes, one of which will then become the following years spur

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What is cane pruning?

Requires growers to leave one cane and one spur. Buds left on cane range from 6+. Buds on 2yr old cane release fruit, and the 2 yr cane and fruiting canes are removed after growing season. Typically used for head trained vines

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What is an example of cane pruning/head training?

Guyot. Requires trellis, and has 1 spur and 1 main 2 year cane

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What is Double Guyot?

Support 2 main canes, extending outward from the trunk in opposite directions

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What is an example of spur pruning/head training?

Gobelet. Each years fruiting canes extend from spur pruned head

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What is spur pruned/cordon trained system?

Cordon de Royat. Single spur pruned cordon extends horizontally from trunk. Preferred for PN in Champagne

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What is the preferred training system for PN in Champagne

Cordon de Royat, single spur pruned cordon extends horizontally from trunk

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What do Geneva and Lyre training system have in common?

Both have cordons that extend outward in a U shape, dividing the canopy

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What are the 4 categories of diseases that affect the vine?

Fungal, viral, bacteria, phytoplasma

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How are viral and phytoplasma diseases spread in vines?

Through grafting or insects

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Another name for phytoplasma diseases?

Grapevine yellows

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What is the technical term for phylloxera?

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (formerly phylloxera vastatrix)

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Powdery Mildew (odium) effects?

Affects all green parts of plant, inhibits bunch development/ripening, or verasion/berry size. Fruit avoided as it gives off flavors to wine

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Downy Mildew (peronospora) effects?

Affects green parts of vine, causing leaves to drop and stunting photosynthesis. Visible first as oil spot on leaf

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Eutypa Dieback (dead arm) effects?

Caused by Eutypa lata fungus. Enters through pruning cuts. Canes have stunted shoot growth, and may die. Reduces yields but doesn't affect quality

Esca (black measles) effects?

Complex of fungi, likes warm climates. Weakens growth, affects berry development, discolors leaves, young vines die suddenly in hot weather. Causes older vine wood to rot from inside out. Spread by wind/pruning shears

Black rot effects?

Creates black spots on leaf, berries, and shoots. Controlled by fungicides

Bunch rot effects?

Reduce yields and gives moldy, off flavors. Can be benevolent (botrytis) or malevolent (grey rot)

Pierce's Disease?

Xylella fastidiosa, spread by glassy-winged sharpshooter. Inhibits clorophyll production and kills vine in 1-5 years

Crown Gall (Black Knot)?

Vine develops tumors on its trunk, which "strangle" the vine. Invades outer trunk in winter freezes when wood breaks. Spread by budwood

Bacterial blight?

Vine shoots develop dark brown streaks in early spring, withering and dying. Spread by rain and pruning tools. Can be controlled by Bdx mixture

Leafroll virus?

Complex of 9 viruses. Responsible for 60% of world's grape production loss. Reduced yields, delayed ripening. Spread by mealy bug, will not kill vine but incurable

What pest spreads leafroll virus?

Mealy bug

Fanleaf degeneration?

Nepovirus spread by nematodes feeding on roots. Severely reduces yields and vineyard must be removed. Deforms shoot growth, seedless berries, malformed fanned leaves.

Flavescence Dorée?

Grapevine yellows spread by leafhopper insects. No cure, but insect population may be controlled

Why would you add S02 to fermenting must?

To prevent oxidation and bacterial contamination, to ensure rapid fermentation

What creates volatile acidity in wine?

Ethyl acetate

How does hydrogen sulfide develop in must?

Too low levels of nitrogen in must

What happens when acetaldehyde converts to acetic acid?

Ethyl acetate develops, the culprit of volatile acidity

What is acetobacter?

Group of bacteria. Responsible for turning wine into vinegar in the presence of oxygen

T/F Yeasts need nitrogen in must

T. Too low nitrogen can cause hydrogen sulfide to develop

What are 2 ways hydrogen sulfide develops

Too low nitrogen in grape must, or elemental sulfur from vineyard on grapes if treatments made too close to harvest

What are sulfides?

Refer to hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and other foul smelling compounds produced under reductive conditions

What effect does a small vessel have on fermentation?

Ferments are slower and cooler

What effect does a large vessel have on fermentation?

Ferments and hotter and faster

At what temperatures do yeasts work?

50-105°

At what temperature do stuck fermentations begin to occur?

95°

What does a spinning cone do?

Removes alcohol from wine

How does reverse osmosis work?

Separates wine into 2 constituent parts: permeate, retentate. Permeate, containing water and ethanol, is distilled to proper level, and added back to retentate, the wines aromatic compounds

What can be used for acidification?

Tartaric acid (preferred), or malic acid

What does a berry do during carbonic maceration?

Releases enzymes to sustain itself, transforming it's own sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide

What is pigeage?

Punching down

What is remontage?

Pumping over

What is délestage?

Racking wine from fermentation vessels into another vessel, then adding back over the cap

What is débourbage?

Settling of juice

At what temperature are wines cold stabilized?

Around 25°

What is süssreserve?

Sterilized unfermented grape must used to sweeten wines

French oak comes from what species?

Quercus robur and quercus patraea

American oak comes from what species?

Quercus alba

Is American or French oak sawn rather than split?

American. It's pores are larger, allowing it to be sawn without fear of leakage, but releases more vanilla and lactone notes