Viticulture Flashcards
NAME 2 NEW WORLD COUNTRIES THAT HAVE UN-GRAFTED VINES PLANTED?
Argentina
Australia
Chile
NAME 3 ROOTSTOCKS WAS USED IN BORDEAUX DURING THE PHYLOXERA EPIDEMIC?
American Rootstocks:
Vitis Rupestris
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Berlandieri
WHAT IS ASPERSION?
Aspersion – Spraying the vines with water that freezes it during frost and protects the buds.
WHO DEVELOPED BIODYNAMIC AGRICULTURE?
Biodynamic Agriculture-The development of biodynamic agriculture began in 1924 with a series of eight lectures on agriculture given by Rudolf Steiner at Schloss Koberwitz in what was then Silesia, Germany, (now in Poland east of Warsaw). The course was held in response to a request by farmers who noticed degraded soil conditions and a deterioration in the health and quality of crops and livestock resulting from the use of chemical fertilizers.
WHAT IS CHLOROSIS AND WHAT IS A SYNONYM OF IT?
Chlorosis - Vine disorder in which parts or all of the foliage turns yellow due to lack of chlorophyll. Common in soils high in limestone. Sancerre, Burgundy and Champagne are areas where chlorosis is common. AKA green sickness.
WHAT IS SYNONYM FOR COULURE?
Coulure (Shatter): Coulure is caused by an imbalance in the levels of carbohydrates in vine tissue. When these carbohydrates drop too low, the small berries drop off because their stems shrivel. Weather conditions which can reduce phtosynthesis will cause coulure, and thus periods of cold, cloudy wet weather around flowering can have devastating effects.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MILLERANDAGE AND COULURE?
M= Inclement weather causing uneven fruit set
C= Severe cool weather causing berries to drop off
WHAT IS MILLERANDAGE?
Millerandage: Poor fruit set. Preventing some berries from developing. Cold wet weather at flowering.
WHAT IS FLURBEREINGUNG?
Flurbereingung – (Germany) (literally rectification of the vineyards)– A joint venture between growers and the German government which provides access roads and improved drainage systems and thus preventes soil erosion. The goal is to make the German wine industry more efficient therefore more economical on the whole.
WHAT IS LUTTE RAISONNÉE?
Lutte Raisonnée – Minimal vineyard treatments. (France)
WHAT ARE THE MINIMAL AMOUNT OF HOURS NEEDED FOR A GROWING SEASON? WHAT IS PREFERRED?
Sunshine: 1300 hours of sunshine is the minimum amount of sunshine required per growing season.
1500 is preferable.
WHAT IS A HYBRID?
Hybrid: The offspring of 2 varieties of species, e.g. seyval blanc and Chambourcin both from The U.K.
WHAT IS BLACK GOO?
Black Goo: describes a condition associated with poor health of young vineyards, esp. in California. Name arises from the black staining that oozes from cut trunks of unhealthy plants.
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR NUTRIENTS FOR A VINE TO LIVE?
Required major nutrients for the vine: (NPK)
Apart from hydrogen and oxygen (which are supplied by water) the most important soil nutrients are:
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
WHAT IS SUR COLLE?
Sur Colle (colle de poisson): refers to fining
WHAT ARE DEGREE DAYS?
Days during a growing season with an average of above 50 degrees over the growing season. 1800 is considered average. 1300 is minimum
HOW MUCH RAIN DOES A VINE REQUIRE A YEAR?
A vine requires 20-30 inches of rain per year.
HOW MANY SUNSHINE DAYS ARE REQUIRED FROM FLOWERING TO HARVEST?
It is generally accepted that 85 to 100 days of sunshine are required from flowering to harvest.
NAME 4 COMPONENTS OF TERROIR? (6 in total)
- Choice of Grapevine
- Location
- Topography
- Soil
- Climate
- Hand of man upon it
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE NEEDED FOR VINE GROWTH?
50-68 DEGREES OR AN AVERAGE OF 57 DEGREES
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE NEEDED FOR RED GRAPE GROWTH?
70 degrees on average
WHAT IS THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE NEEDED FOR WHITE GRAPE GROWTH?
66 degrees on average
WINE GRAPES GROW BETWEEN WHAT LATITUDES?
30 & 50 degrees latitude
WHAT IS THE RANGE FOR RANGE FOR REGION 1 DAYS ON THE CALIFORNIA HEAT SUMMATION INDEX?
Less then 2,500 days F
WHAT IS THE RANGE FOR RANGE FOR REGION 2 DAYS ON THE CALIFORNIA HEAT SUMMATION INDEX?
Between 2,500 and 3,000 days F
WHAT IS THE RANGE FOR RANGE FOR REGION 3 DAYS ON THE CALIFORNIA HEAT SUMMATION INDEX?
Between 3,000 and 3,500 days F
WHAT IS THE RANGE FOR RANGE FOR REGION 4 DAYS ON THE CALIFORNIA HEAT SUMMATION INDEX?
Between 3,500 and 4,000 days F
WHAT IS THE RANGE FOR RANGE FOR REGION 5 DAYS ON THE CALIFORNIA HEAT SUMMATION INDEX?
More than 4,000 days F
PLEASE LIST THE STAGES IN THE VINEYARD DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH WITH THE MONTHS THAT THEY CORRELATE WITH FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE?
- BUD BREAK- March
- EMBRYO SHOOTS- Mid April
- FLOWERING- 6-13 weeks after Initial bud break
- FRUIT SET- during flowering portion
- VERAISON- August
- HARVEST- Late August through November
PLEASE LIST THE STAGES IN THE VINEYARD DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH WITH THE MONTHS THAT THEY CORRELATE WITH FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE?
- BUD BREAK- September
- EMBRYO SHOOTS- Mid October
- FLOWERING- 6-13 weeks after Initial bud break
- FRUIT SET- during flowering portion
- VERAISON- Februrary
- HARVEST- Late February through May
WHAT IS A MACROCLIMATE AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE?
Regional Climate, Rheingau in Germany
WHAT IS A MESOCLIMATE?
Climate of a particular Vineyard. Aspect such as degree and direction of slope and shelter of vineyard is important.
WHAT IS A MICROCLIMATE? HOW CAN YOU ADJUST IT?
Refers to the climate in or around the vine canopy. Canopy management can adjust micro climate of a vine.
WHAT DOES CANOPY MANAGEMENT DO?
It is developed to adjust the microclimate of a vine, particularly its exposure to sunshine and its eventual yield. This effects a Microclimate
HIGH SOIL PH IS COMMON IN WHAT TYPES OF SOIL?
Limestone rich soils, this contributes to higher acidity wines.
HOW DO YOU ADJUST SOILS ACIDITY?
With the application of Lime
HOW MAY A GROWER PROPAGATE THE VINES?
Through Selection Clonal or Selection Massale
WHAT IS IPM?
Integrated Pest Management:
This is a sustainable approach to weed, insect and disease problems that tolerates the targeted application of some synthetic products but limits their overall use. It is utilized as a vineyard transitions from conventional to organic viticulture.
WHAT IS VINEA?
A voluntary group of Walla Walla Valley winegrowers who promote a holistic, socially and environmentally responsible methodology they farm in accordance to LIVE and the vineyards are certified Salmon Safe.
WHAT IS LIVE?
LOW INPUT VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY
This is a third party certifying system
WHAT IS REQUIRED TO LABEL A WINE AS OREGON SUSTAINABLE CERTIFIED WINE?
97% of the fruit is certified by Salmon safe
What is CCSW and how much acreage has been assessed for compatibility?
CALIFORNIA CERTIFIED SUSTAINABLE WINEGROWING
Provides Incremental certification for wineries and vineyards based on a concept of continual improvement.
Over 60% of California’s Vineyard acreage has been assessed for CCSW compatibility.
DEFINE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGANIC AND WINE MADE FROM ORGANICALLY GROWN GRAPES?
Organic must be made from organically grown grapes and contain no added sulfites.
Wine made from organically grown grapes permits the addition of sulfites.
WHERE WOULD YOU FIND A WINE LABELED ORGANIC AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
IN AUSTRALIA OR AMERICA
When a wine is labelled Organic it must be made from organically grown grapes and contain no added sulfites.
WHAT ASSOCIATION CERTIFIES BIO-DYNAMIC FARMS AND VINEYARDS?
Demeter Biodynamic Trade Association certifies internationally
WHAT IS EFFEUILLAGE?
Effeuillage (FR)- Leaf thinning of the canopy
WHAT IS BUTTAGE?
Buttage (FR)- Earthing-up, to protect plants from frost by pushing dirt up to their base
Name 3 types of green farming practices?
Practicing Organic
Practicing Biodynamic
Certified Organic
Certified Biodynamic
Natural
Regenerative
Haute Valeur Environnementale
Napa Green
Lodi Rules
WHAT IS DEBOURRMENT?
Sprouting
Beginning of the annual vegetation cycle of the vine after the winter dormancy.
At an average daily temperature of 8 to 10 degrees Celsius, the buds (winter buds) that were intentionally left during the winter pruning break open.
This can be recognized some time in advance, as with the coming spring and thawed soil, the roots begin to pump plant sap into the above-ground part of the vine stock, causing droplets of water to emerge at the cut points of the cut shoots, poetically referred to as “the vine bleeds.”
As the warmth increases, the buds visibly swell until the woody bud scales break open, revealing a felt-like, ball-shaped hair structure.
WHAT IS OVC?
The Old Vine Conference (OVC) – the initiative which aims to highlight the existence of and nurture old vines around the world.
Recognising the dedication, tenacity and talents of those working with old vines and their wines, the 2025 awards fall into five categories:
Next Generation
Best Viticulture team
Communication & Education
Research
Old Vines, New Technology
The OVC is a non-profit organisation which aims to bring together a global network to create a new category for wine from heritage vineyards. A crucial park of its work is the Old Vine Register, a global database which was initiated by Jancis Robinson MW and wine writer Tamlyn Currin.
The mantle was then taken over by the Old Vine Conference co-founders Sarah Abbott MW, Alun Griffiths MW and Leo Austin. The first online conference took place in March 2021.
The Old Vine Conference Global team also includes Belinda Stone, Cynthia Chaplin, Dr Adrianna Catena and Victoria Daskal.
What is asynchrony?
Name a variety affected by it.
Some varieties, such as Zinfandel, are characterized by extremely uneven ripening (also called asynchrony), in which veraison haphazardly affects each bunch.
