Diseases Flashcards
NAME AND DEFINE A TYPE OF PHYTOPLASMA DISEASE?
Flavescence Dorée- This is a PHYTOPLASMA DISEASE. It is similar to bacteria yet symptomatically similar to viral disease.
Leafhopper insects spread flavescence dorée. It will initially delay budbreak and slow shoot growth eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine and berries to shrivel. 1st appeared in Armagnac in 1949.
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS FAN LEAF DEGENERATION AND WHAT IS THE CARRIER?
VIRAL, This affects vinifera cultivars. The causal virus is spread by dagger nematodes and planting material
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS LEAF ROLL? HOW IS IT TREATED? WHERE IS IT COMMON?
VIRAL, This is responsible for the lovely gold and red leaves in the vineyard come autumn. The only known remedy is vine removal. A common virus in South Africa.
WHAT IS PIERCE’S DISEASE?
BACTERIAL, This results in premature leaf fall and eventual vine death. The disease is spread by insect vectors like leafhoppers.
WHAT IS CROWN GALL?
BACTERIAL- This is a serious problem in areas whereclimatic conditions favor freeze injury. This bacteria causes large tumors or growths to appear on the trunk of the vine.
WHAT IS BLACK ROT?
FUNGAL
It attacks all new growth, including leaves, petioles, shoots, tendrils and berries. Apperance has a light brown round, circular spots.
Treated by digging up dead canes, creating an open canopy allowing wind to come through allowing circulation.
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS PHOMOPSIS CANE AND LEAF SPOT?
FUNGAL
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is more severe in grape-growing regions characterized by a humid temperate climate through the growing season.
It attacks all green parts of a vine. If left untreated it can lead to berries and clusters to drop prematurely.
Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Syrah, Barbera, Chardonnay and Merlot are the commonly affected grapes.
Sulforix® is used to treat this.
This is a EPA-registered fungicide, insecticide, and miticide with unique penetration properties. A colloidal sulfur, Sulforix’s particle size enhances coverage and distribution across plant and fruit surfaces.
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS ESCA?
FUNGAL
Esca, Botryosphaeria dieback, Eutypa dieback, and Phomopsis dieback make up a complex of “trunk diseases” caused by different wood-infecting fungi. The foliar symptom of Esca is an interveinal “striping”.
This thrives in warm climates and can kill a vine suddenly when hot weather arrives.
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS EUTYPA DIEBACK?
FUNGAL
1 of 4 trunk major trunk rot diseases (Esca, Phomopsis Cane and Black Rot)
Also known as Dead Arm, The fungus stunts vine shoots and cups leaves by releasing a toxin into the plant. The affected cane or canes eventually die, hence the name, “dead arm”.
WHAT IS OIDIUM?
WHAT IS THE SYNONYM FOR THIS DISEASE?
WHAT WEATHER DOES IT THRIVE IN?
FUNGAL
Powdery Mildew aka Oidium.
Uncinula Necator thrives in humid and dry conditions. It inhibits bunch development and ripening. Controlled by applications of sulfur and other fungicides.
Native to North America that attacks the entire vine with white cobweb-like filaments.
If an infection takes place before flowering, yields are reduced.
If the clusters are infected by oidium, they will not reach full size or achieve maximum pigment development and the fruit will have undesirable flavors.
WHAT IS ANTHRACNOSE?
FUNGAL
Small Black Lesions on the leaves. Treated with Bordeaux Mixture
WHAT IS PERONASPERA?
WHAT IS IT COMMONLY KNOWN AS?
HOW IS IT SPREAD? CAN YOU DESCRIBE IT?
FUNGAL (aka Downy Mildew)
Mildew native to North America that attacks the green portions of the plant.
A severe infection will cause the vine to lose its leaves, effectively delaying ripening. Threat of Downy Mildew is highest in warm, humid weather, but a copper-sulfate spray known as “Bordeaux Mixture” is effective in preventing an outbreak or curtailing an existing one.
WHAT IS THE SYNONYM FOR DOWNY MILDEW?
Peronospera aka Downy Mildew
WHAT IS BORDEAUX MIXTURE?
WHAT IS THE SYNONYM FOR THIS?
WHERE SPECIFICALLY WAS THIS USED AS AN EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT?
Cooper-sulfate, lime based spray used to treat Peronospera (Downy Mildew) & Anthracnose. These fungal diseases are common in maritime warm, humid areas.
The trials primarily took place in the vineyards of Château Dauzac in the 1870’s.
In France, it is also known as Maillardet-David treatment.
WHAT FUNGAL DISEASE WAS THE BORDEAUX MIXTURE DEVELOPED TO COMBAT?
WHERE WAS IT USED AS AN EXPERIENTIAL TREATMENT?
“Bordeaux Mixture” is effective in preventing a downy mildew outbreak or curtailing an existing one.
First used at Ch. Dauzac in Margaux in the mid 1870’s
WHAT IS THE BEST TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY LEVEL FOR BOTRYTIS CINEREA?
The fungus germinates and spreads when humidity is at least 90 percent and the weather is warm (59-68° F).
WHAT ARE 3 SYNONYMS FOR BOTRYTIS CINEREA?
Edelfaule
Pourritre Noble
Noble Rot
NAME 3 DISEASES THAT GROW IN HUMID CONDITIONS.
PLEASE STATE WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE THAT IT IS.
Botrytis Cinerea
Downy Mildew (Peronospera)
Anthracnose
All 3 are Fungal
NAME 3 BACTERIAL DISEASES?
Pierces Disease
Crown Gall
Bacterial Bight
NAME 2 VIRAL DISEASES?
Fan Leaf Degeneration
Leaf Roll
LIST 5 FUNAL DISEASES?
Botrytis Cinera
Downy Mildew (Pernospera)
Powdery Mildew (Oidium)
Anthracnose
Eutypa Dieback ~ Trunk
Esca (Black Measles) ~ Trunk
NAME 2 DISEASES THAT ARE TREATED WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE?
WHAT TYPEOF DISEASE ARE THEY?
Downy Mildew (Pernospera)
Anthracnose
WHAT TYPE OF DISEASE IS WHITE ROT AND HOW DOES IT HAPPEN?
Fungal
It comes about during hail when hail splits the grape open and causes the grape to have openings in which fungus forms and develops.
WHAT ARE THE 4 BASIC TYPES OF DISEASES?
Fungal
Viral
Bacterial
Phytoplasma
WHAT CLIMATE USUALLY IS ASSOCIATED WITH FUNAL DISEASE?
Warm and Damp climates
HOW DOES FUNGAL DISEASE MANIFEST ITSELF AND WHAT DO THEY ATTACK?
They manifest as mildew or mold and attack the root system, the trunk or canopy of the grapevine.
HOW DOES VIRAL DISEASE MANIFEST ITSELF AND WHAT DO THEY ATTACK?
They spread through grafting or transmitted by insects.
HOW IS VIRAL DISEASES CONTROLLED?
Through removal and appropriate selection for propagation
HOW IS A PHYTOPLASMA DISEASE TRANSMITTED AND WHAT IS IT ALSO KNOWN AS?
They spread through grafting or transmitted by insects and are also known as “green yellows”
WHAT IS PHYLLOXERA ALSO KNOWN AS?
Daktulosphaira Vitifoliae
Phylloxera Vastarix
WHAT IS PHYLLOXERA CONSIDERED?
AN INFESTATION.
IT KILLS VINES BY DESTROYING THE ROOT SYSTEM.
WHAT CAN COMBAT PHYLLOXERA?
Grafting on American Rotstock
Sandier Soils such as Colares in Portugal which act as a barrier.
WHAT IS POWDERY MILDEW KNOWN AS IN ITS ANAMORPH STAGE?
Oidium Tuckerii
WHAT IS THE AGENT OF DOWNY MILDEW?
Plasmopara Viticola. It can not grow in arid regions
WHAT CLIMATE DOES ESCA THRIVE IN?
WARMER CLIMATES BUT THRIVES WORLDWIDE.
NO KNOWN CURE.
HOW IS BLACK ROT CONTROLLED?
Controlled with Fungicides Sprays
WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON FORMS OF BUNCH ROT?
Botrytis Bunch Rot
BOTRYTIS CINERA THAT BREAKS DOWN THE SKIN OF BERRIES AND ALLOWS OTHER YEASTS AND BACTERIA TO ROT THE GRAPES IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
WHAT TEMPERATURE DOES IT REQUIRE?
Grey Rot.
It requires warm weather and humidity of at least 90% to germinate.
WHAT IS THE BACTERIUM THAT CAUSES PIERCES DISEASE?
HOW IS IT TRANSMITTED?
Xylella Fastidiosa and transmitted by the glassy winged sharp shooter.
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A NEPOVIRUS?
Fanleaf Degeneration
It is spread by soil nematodes feeding on infected roots and it severly curtails yields and affected vineyards must be removed.
WHEN DID PHYLLOXERA ATTACK THE USA?
WHAT ROOTSTOCK DID IT AFFECTED?
Phylloxera struck California in the 1980s, it attacked the now-infamous AXR-1 rootstock—a supposedly resistant rootstock supplied to the state’s growers by Davis.
NAME 3 TYPES OF TRUNK DISEASE? What types of disease are these (Bac/ Fung/ Viral)?
Esca
Botryosphaeria dieback
Eutypa dieback
Phomopsis dieback
Sour Bunch Rot and Vulgar Rot are synonyms for what?
This makes grapes susceptible to what other types of diseases?
GREY ROT
Winemakers that employ botrytis to their advantage have to be careful. The botrytized grapes need to be picked on time. If not, and the humidity remains high, the fungus will continue to expand, producing undesirable changes in the berries. The grapes will swell and eventually burst.
This splitting makes the berries susceptible to attacks by other spoilage microorganisms and fungi, including powdery mildew and acetic acid bacteria.
