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CSW > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of total grapes grown go into wine?

A

70%

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2
Q

What is the term for the branch of agriculture that specifically deals with the intentional cultivation of grapevines?

A

Viticulture

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3
Q

What is the core of a grapevine called?

A

The trunk

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4
Q

The trunk of the vine connects the root system of the grapevine underground, to the above ground system of _____, ______, and _____

A

Branches, shoots, and leaves

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5
Q

What are the one or two branches that sprout from the trunk called?

A

Arms

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6
Q

The arms of the trunk when first formed are called ____, which eventually turn into thin _____, and then thicker arms or ______

A

Spurs, canes, cordons

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7
Q

What is the typical amount of arms encouraged on a trunk?

A

One or two

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8
Q

On which part of the grapevine to grape bunches grow?

A

The arms

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9
Q

What is the entire portion consisting of arms, leaves, and grapebunches called?

A

The canopy

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10
Q

When grapes are young, to protect the seeds inside, they are green and taste too _____

A

Acidic

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11
Q

As grapes age, they go from green to _____

A

Gold or red/purple

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12
Q

Planting seeds commercial is often considered too unpredictable and lengthy, so a common method for propagation is ____

A

Cloning

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13
Q

What portion of the grape vine will be cut to produce a clone?

A

A cane

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14
Q

What is done to the cane of the grape vine in order to propagate the original?

A

The cane is cut, placed in water so that it will grow roots, and then planted

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15
Q

What is field grafting?

A

Removing branches from a grapevine producing an undesirable variety, making incisions on the trunk, and inserting an unrooted cutting from a desirable variety into the incision

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16
Q

During what year of a grapevine’s lifespan is the first crop of grapes harvested?

A

The third year

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17
Q

What is the first crop harvest period also known as?

A

Third leaf

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18
Q

While there is contentious debate, what is the generally accepted amount of aging required for a grapevine to produce optimal quality grapes?

A

Six years

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19
Q

What happens to the quantity and quality of grapes as the plant roots age?

A

The quality of the grapes is said to improve, but the quantity diminishes.

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20
Q

What macro climate is considered ideal for wine growing?

A

Temperate climates

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21
Q

In between which latitudinal measurements is wine growing ideal?

A

Between 30 and 50 degrees in both the Northern and Southern hemisphere.

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22
Q

How many months apart are the harvest cycles in the Northern an Southern hemispheres?

A

About 6 months

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23
Q

What is the period in the Spring during which the process of grape growing begins called?

A

The weeping

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24
Q

At what ground temperature in the spring does the process of the growing cycle begin

A

50 degrees F/10 degrees C

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25
Q

What is occurring on the plant during the beginning of the weeping?

A

Sap grows upward from the trunk towards the tips of the canes

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26
Q

How long does the process of the weeping take?

A

Only a day or two

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27
Q

After the weeping, when tiny shoots called buds begin to emerge from vine nodes, what is this period called?

A

Bud break

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28
Q

Why is bud break a critical part of the harvest cycle

A

Buds are delicate and really susceptible to temperature fluctuations like frost

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29
Q

Before buds begin to produce leaves, from where does the plant derive its carbon dioxide for nourishment?

A

From CO2 stored during the previous year

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30
Q

When does the growth of the plant really begin to accelerate?

A

When leaves begin to form so that photosynthesis can occur, and plants can derive energy directly from the sun

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31
Q

What is flowering?

A

When small clusters of flowers begin to form at intervals along the shoots

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32
Q

When does flowering take place?

A

Between 40 and 80 days after bud break

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33
Q

How are grape vines pollinated?

A

They self pollinate

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34
Q

How is the seed (encased in the grape) formed?

A

When pollen is blown in breeze from one portion of a plant to another, or from a neighboring plant, and the flower is fertilized

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35
Q

What type of weather is ideal during flowering?

A

Warm, dry weather

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36
Q

What is the transitional period between flower and berry called?

A

Berry set or fruit set

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37
Q

What is the malady for when flowers fail to transition to grapes called, and what does that mean in English?

A

Coulure, meaning ‘shatter’

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38
Q

What is the abnormal condition called when grape bunches have small, seedless grapes mixed in with the large, normal ones?

A

Millerandage

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39
Q

What can cause millerandage?

A

Bad weather

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40
Q

About how long does it take for tiny grapes to grow into their full size?

A

About three months

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41
Q

What are the grapes like at first after transitioning from tiny to mature?

A

Green, dull, hard, and highly acidic

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42
Q

What is the term for the sudden transition of grapes from young to mature at an accelerated rate?

A

Veraison

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43
Q

When does harvest take place relative to veraison?

A

Approximately a month and a half to two months later

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44
Q

What about a grape measures its ‘physiological maturity?

A

The levels of phenolic compounds, including tannins and the rest

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45
Q

What two components of a grape determine its ripeness?

A

Its sugar levels and its ‘physiological maturity’

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46
Q

What is the typical amount of time between bud break and harvest?

A

Between 140 to 160 days

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47
Q

What are the extreme low and high range of days between bud break and harvest?

A

As quickly as 110 days and as late as 200 days

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48
Q

During what season does harvest occur?

A

Fall

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49
Q

What state does a vine enter during cold autumn nights?

A

A dormant state

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50
Q

What happens to the plant during its dormant state?

A

The leaves drop, and the sap retreats into the trunk and roots where it is less susceptible to damage during freezes

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51
Q

What do wine growers do to the vine during its dormancy?

A

They prune it, reducing most of the year’s growth to keep it manageable and ensure an appropriate yield the following year

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52
Q

At what age do vines begin to decline?

A

20 years

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53
Q

What is the process by which the vine produces sugar?

A

Photosynthesis

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54
Q

What is the process by which the vine uses energy?

A

Respiration

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55
Q

What is the process in which water evaporates through openings in the vines leaves?

A

Transpiration

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56
Q

What is the process by which materials such as sugars are moved from one area of the plant to another?

A

Translocation

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57
Q

What is the major root system of a vine called?

A

Its rootstock

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58
Q

On what two things does photosynthesis depend?

A

Sunlight and temperature

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59
Q

Between what two temperatures is photosynthesis possible?

A

Between 50 and 95 deg F

60
Q

What is the optimal temperature range for sugar production?

A

Between 70 and 80 deg F

61
Q

During veraison or other times during which sugar is unavailable for energy, vines begin metabolizing what?

A

Malic acid

62
Q

For every ____ deg F in temperature increase, the rate of respiration doubles

A

18 deg F

63
Q

What are the openings on the underside of the leaves called?

A

Stomata

64
Q

Transpiration, analagous to perspiration in animals, serves what purpose?

A

Cools the plant down

65
Q

What is the French word for the combined natural aspects of a vineyard?

A

Terroir

66
Q

What is the difference between climate and weather

A

Weather is the actual meteorological conditions experienced, while climate is the historical average weather of a place

67
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the term “-climate”?

A

Macroclimate, mesoclimate, and microclimate

68
Q

As temperature increases, it causes ____ levels to rise, and _____ levels to drop.

A

Sugar levels rise, acid levels drop

69
Q

How many inches of water per year do vines need?

A

20-30 inches

70
Q

Rain is not welcome during harvest because it does what to berries?

A

It causes them to swell, and dilutes their sugar content

71
Q

Why is high humidity bad?

A

It could cause fungal growth and diminish quality of grapes?

72
Q

Why can fog be beneficial?

A

It can cool down grapes during hot days

73
Q

What is the fungus called, that fog is an ideal condition for, that is required for certain dessert wines?

A

Botrytis cinerea

74
Q

What are two ways in which wind can be disruptive to wine growing?

A

It can put a lot of undue strain on vines, or interfere with flowering or pollination?

75
Q

What are two negatives can be reduced by wind?

A

It can reduce humidity and the impact of pests

76
Q

Are grapes better suited to fertile or infertile soil? Why?

A

Infertile soil; because with fertile soil there might be an overabundance of shoots and bunches, and therefore the sugar and flavor components are overly divided.

77
Q

What is s ‘soil type’ defined by?

A

The sizes of particles it contains and the composition of said particles

78
Q

What are four major particle ‘sizes’ of soil?

A

Clay, silt, sand, gravel

79
Q

What are five categories of physical geography that might help define terroir?

A

Elevation, latitude, topography, and aspect, proximity to bodies of water

80
Q

Lower latitude translates typically into what type of climates?

A

Hotter climates

81
Q

Do vineyards located near bodies of water experience MORE or LESS variance in temperature

A

Less variance

82
Q

What are the three primary categories of ‘climates’ relevant to the wine world?

A

Mediterranean, continental, maritime

83
Q

What are three defining characteristics of a maritime climate?

A

There is strong influence from the ocean, high rainfall, and mild overall temperature

84
Q

How are the summers and winters of a continental climate, temperature wise? And the precipitation?

A

Hotter summers, colder winters, and little rainfall

85
Q

How would one characterize the summers, winters, and humidity of a Mediterranean climate?

A

Warm, dry summers, wet mild winters, and low humidity

86
Q

What is a type of climate called that has such short summers or cool temperatures that there is barely enough time for grapes to ripen?

A

Marginal climate

87
Q

What are three causes of grapevine diseases?

A

Bacteria, fungus, and viruses

88
Q

How can viral diseases spread among vines?

A

By propagating with infected cuttings

89
Q

How are bacterial diseases likely to be caused?

A

By animals and insects that carry microbes

90
Q

What is Pierce’s disease?

A

A bacterial infection of the host vine resulting in premature leaf fall

91
Q

What types of insects can spread Pierce’s disease?

A

Different species of sharpshooter insects

92
Q

What causes fungal disease?

A

Airborne spores

93
Q

What types of conditions lend themselves to fungal disease?

A

Warm, humid conditions

94
Q

What are two of the most damaging fungal diseases

A

Powdery mildew, aka oidium, and downy mildew aka peronospora.

95
Q

What is the type of fungus that can be both harmful and beneficial to grapes?

A

Botrytis cinerea

96
Q

When Botrytis is being harmful, it is known as what

A

Gray mold

97
Q

When Botrytis is being helpful or intentionally used, it is known as what

A

Noble rot

98
Q

What do the French and the Germans call Botrytis

A

French: Pourriture noble | Germans: Edelfäule

99
Q

How does Botrytis act on grapes?

A

It sends filaments into the skin of the grape to extract water

100
Q

What impact does Botrytis have on a grape?

A

It concentrates a grapes sugars and flavors, while imparting an aroma of its own

101
Q

What scent is Botrytis said to impart on the grape?

A

One of honeysuckle

102
Q

What are the special climatic conditions that set Botrytis in motion

A

Morning fog followed by afternoon sun

103
Q

What is the most serious pest of grapevines?

A

The tiny louse Phylloxera

104
Q

Where is phylloxera native to?

A

The eastern United States

105
Q

During what time period did phylloxera famously spread into Europe?

A

The mid-1800s

106
Q

Why was phylloxera not a problem in the United States?

A

Native vitis vinifera had developed a natural resistance to the louse, forming galls under the leaves on which phylloxera could feed

107
Q

What was the first, failed attempt at protecting future vitis vinifera grapes in Europe against phylloxera?

A

Interbreeding Native American vines with European vines

108
Q

What was the eventual solution to phylloxera in Europe?

A

Grafting European vines onto American rootstock

109
Q

What is another soil based pest of grapevines?

A

The nematode

110
Q

What are two ways a nematode is harmful to grapevines?

A

They damage the roots by feeding on them, and can also spread disease

111
Q

Why are nematodes such a problem in recent times?

A

Due to the increased use of shallow-rooted rootstocks and drip irrigation, which don’t encourage roots to dig deep in search of water

112
Q

What are two methods of preventing nematode infestations?

A

Using nematode-resistant rootstock, or using cover crops such as mustard as a natural biofumigant

113
Q

What are several things the grower does during the winter?

A

Pruning excess growth off the vines, removing greenery from around the vines, and repairing equipment

114
Q

What are the two general strategies of pruning called?

A

Cane pruning and spur pruning

115
Q

What is cane pruning?

A

When the grower leaves only one-or-two-year-old shoots, trimmed to leave about six to ten nodes or buds

116
Q

What is spur pruning?

A

When several canes are left, but trimmed to only a few inches, allowing only one or two nodes each

117
Q

What is canopy management?

A

Techniques by which the position or number of shoots and grape clusters is altered

118
Q

What tasks does canopy management include?

A

Pruning, leaf trimming, the control of yield and vine vigor, and the use of a vine training system

119
Q

What is a trellis?

A

A network of stakes, posts, and support wires that position the wine as desired by the grower

120
Q

What are four common vine training systems?

A

Head-training (bush training), Guyot, Cordon, Pergola

121
Q

What is head training/bush training, and what type of pruning is typically employed?

A

It is when no trellis is used, and the vine is essentially grown like a bush or miniature tree. Spur pruning is used.

122
Q

What is Guyoy?

A

A simple cane-pruning system in which one cane from each plant is trained along a wire facing in the same direction

123
Q

What is the difference between single Guyot and double Guyot?

A

Single Guyot is when one cane per plant is trained along a wire in the same direction, double Guyot is when two canes are trained along the same wire in opposite directions

124
Q

What is cordon training?

A

Cordon is the same as Guyot except spur pruned. The canes soon become as woody as the trunk.

125
Q

What is pergola training?

A

When canes are trained vertically up a support system and then allowed to grow out horizontally with the fruit hanging down

126
Q

With Guyot or cordon training systems, it is commong to see what configuration in practice?

A

VSP or vertical shoot positioning

127
Q

What is vertical shoot positioning (VSP)?

A

When new growth canes are trained upwards with grape bunches positioned under the leaves in the fruiting area

128
Q

What are benefits of using vertical shoot positioning?

A

Good air circulation and sun exposure, as well as ease of access for mechanical harvesting

129
Q

Throughout much of Europe, what method of providing supplemental water to vines is prohibited?

A

Irrigation

130
Q

In the U.S. and many other parts of the New World, sugar content is measured in degrees of what?

A

Brix

131
Q

What are the most common tools used to measure sugar levels in grapes?

A

The refractometer and more old-fashioned hydrometer

132
Q

What is the formula used to estimate the ethanol content of a finished dry wine relative to its sugar level?

A

It is estimated at about 5/9ths or about 55% Brix value

133
Q

A grape harvested at 24 degrees Brix would have what ethanol level?

A

24 x 0.55 = 13.3%

134
Q

In France, what is the unit of measurement used to estimate potential alcohol levels

A

Baume

135
Q

What is the system for estimating ethanol content in Germany and Switzerland?

A

Oechsle

136
Q

How is Oechsle measured?

A

Find the density of the grape must, subtract 1.0, and multiply by 1,000

137
Q

What is the measurement of ethanol content known as in Austria?

A

Klosterneuberger Mostwaage (KMW)

138
Q

What is organic viticulture?

A

Grape growing without the use of manufactured pesticides or fertilizers

139
Q

What program in the United States is capable of certifying a vineyard as having employed organic practices?

A

The USDA’s NOP (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s National Organic Program)

140
Q

For how many years must a vineyard be free of all chemicals prohibited by the NOP to be considered organic?

A

Three years.

141
Q

What is IPM?

A

Integrated pest management

142
Q

What is the goal of IPM?

A

To control and eliminate only those pests that are actually present and detrimental to a crop, rather than killing all insects (as some may actually be beneficial)

143
Q

What is biodynamic viticulture?

A

Biodynamic viticulture is essentially organic viticulture with the addition of various metaphysical elements

144
Q

When was biodynamic viticulture proposed and by whom?

A

In the early 20th century by Rudolf Steiner

145
Q

How is certification as a biodynamic vineyard possible?

A

Through a private company called Demeter International

146
Q

What is sustainable viticulture?

A

A method of viticulture with some goals in common with organic and biodynamic viticulture, however with out some of the strict rules of the former, with more of a long-term goal of decisions desigend to reduce overall environmental impact

CSW (6 decks)

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