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Introductory Sommelier - 2018 Dec > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What are the factors of viticulture production?

A
  1. Historical Background
  2. Location/Geography
  3. Climate
  4. Topography/Aspect
  5. Soil
  6. Grape Varieties Planted
  7. Viticultural Practices
  8. Vinification Practices
  9. Harvest
  10. Yearly Weather/Vintage Variation
  11. Terroir
  12. Regional Wine Laws
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2
Q

Define viticulture

A

The art and science of vine growing.

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3
Q

What characterizes the location/geography of a vineyard?

A
  1. Site selection
  2. Goals Regional
  3. Wine Laws
  4. Financial Considerations
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4
Q

What does climate determine?

A

The climate determines whether grapes can be grown at all and strongly influences which variety can thrive. Most importantly climate determines wine style.

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5
Q

What are the latitudinal zones of wine growing?

A

30-50 degrees in both hemispheres (Northern and Southern).

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6
Q

What is a Macroclimate?

A

The “big picture” climate of an entire wine region.

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7
Q

What is a Mesoclimate?

A

The climate of a particular vineyard.

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8
Q

What is a Microclimate?

A

The climate of a particular row of vines or even a specific vine within a vineyard.

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9
Q

What are the four primary climates?

A
  1. Continental (cool)
  2. Maritime (moderate)
  3. Mediterranean (warm)
  4. High Desert (hot)
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10
Q

What characterizes a Continental climate?

A
  1. Strong annual variation in temperature due to lack of proximity to significant bodies of water.
  2. Hotter summers than maritime.
  3. Often cold winters that can be extreme.
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11
Q

What characterizes a Maritime climate?

A
  1. Influenced by a large body of water such as a sea or ocean.
  2. Marked by mild temperatures.
  3. Year to year temperature fluctuations causing vintage variation
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12
Q

What characterizes a Mediterranean climate?

A
  1. Summers are hot and dry (except for immediate coastal areas).
  2. Along coasts, summers are mild due to proximity to cold water currents.
  3. Storms can be consequence
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13
Q

What characterizes a High Desert climate?

A
  1. Hot and dry summers.
  2. High daytime temperatures.
  3. Dramatic drops in temperature overnight.
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14
Q

What factors affect climate?

A
  1. Diurnal Shifts - The difference between average daytime high and nighttime low temperatures. This can affect the ripening of grapes and the balancing of acidity and sugar.
  2. Sunshine Hours - The number of sunshine hours a vineyard or wine region receives in a given vintage year or growing season.
  3. Threats (frost or freeze, hail, strong winds)
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15
Q

List the primary climate moderators. (4)

A
  1. Bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans - can warm or cool a region)
  2. Mountains (rain shadow can protect)
  3. Altitude/Elevation (1 degree drop per 1 meter rise)
  4. Wind (can cool or lend warmth/drier air)
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16
Q

What is a Rain Shadow?

A

A dry area on one side of a mountain opposite the wind, rain, and generally poor weather. There are many important wine regions in the world that exist in rain shadows.

17
Q

What are the primary topographic elements?

A
  1. Local Elevation/Altitude
  2. Hillside Slope or Valley Floor
  3. Aspect (Slopes facing the sun most of the day)
  4. Proximity to Water
18
Q

What are the important properties of soil? (3)

A
  1. Water Drainage
  2. Water Retention
  3. Sun Reflection
19
Q

Main types of soil? (8)

A
  1. Granite
  2. Limestone/Chalk
  3. Marl
  4. Schist
  5. Clay
  6. Sand
  7. Silt
  8. Gravel
20
Q

What do grape skins contribute to a wine?

A
  1. Tannins
  2. Color
  3. Flavor
21
Q

What do grape pulps contribute to a wine?

A
  1. Water
  2. Sugar (increases as grape ripens)
  3. Acids (decreases as grape ripes)
  4. Seed/Pips (can give bitter flavors if pressed)
22
Q

What are the main species of vining plants that produce grapes?

A
  1. Vitis vinifera (native to Mediterranean, Europe, Southwestern Asia) [Our Focus]
  2. Vitis labrusca
  3. Vitis riparia
23
Q

What should you consider when choosing a grape variety of planting?

A
  1. Wine Laws
  2. Climate Compatibility
  3. Soil Compatibility
24
Q

What is viticultural propagation?

A

A fancy term for vine breeding.

25
Q

Name the three types of viticultural propagation.

A
  1. Hybrids
  2. Crosses
  3. Clones
26
Q

What is hybrid propagation?

A

Combining two or more species to produce a new variety (Vitis Vinifera x Vitis Labrusca).

27
Q

What is cross propagation?

A

Combining vines of the same species to produce a new variety (Vitis Vinifera x Vitis Vinifera)

Cabernet Sauvignon = Cabernet Franc (vinifera) X Sauvignon Blanc (vinifera)

28
Q

What is clone propagation?

A

Identical genetic reproduction of a single vine (common in Cabernet Sauvignon).

29
Q

Cause and Effect: How does a cool climate impact wine style?

A
  1. Slow, moderate ripening
  2. Less sugar
  3. Higher acidity
  4. Lower alcohol potential
  5. More tart and lean; less ripe and juicy
30
Q

Cause and Effect: How does a warm climate impact wine style?

A
  1. Full ripening
  2. More sugar
  3. Lower acidity
  4. Higher alcohol potential
  5. Ripe, lush, juicy
31
Q

Name four factors of viticultural practices.

A
  1. Vineyard Architecture
  2. Vine Spacing
  3. Vine Training
  4. Yield
32
Q

What is “Green Harvest”?

A

The dropping or cutting of grape bunches off of a vine before harvest to focus the vine’s energy on fewer, higher quality bunches.

33
Q

Name five aspects of vineyard management.

A
  1. Canopy Management
  2. Irrigation
  3. Pests and Diseases
  4. Fertilizers
  5. Anti-Fungal Treatments
34
Q

What is Phylloxera?

A

This is a vine louse that destroyed a third of the world’s vines beginning in the late 1800s. It was one of the greatest threats to wine production in history.

35
Q

What aspects of harvest determine wine style and quality?

A
  1. Timing of Picking (grape maturity, sugar ripeness, physiological ripeness, tannin ripeness)
  2. Number of Vineyard Passes
  3. Method (hand vs mechanical; small bin vs large bin)
36
Q

Define terroir.

A

Terroir is the entire set of factors that influence the development of the vine’s fruit and the characteristics the fruit will show once vinified.

37
Q

What can regional wine laws dictate?

A
  1. Where grapes can be grown.
  2. What grapes can be grown.
  3. How grapes can be grown.
  4. When grapes can be picked.

Introductory Sommelier - 2018 Dec (27 decks)

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