vitamins + vitamin deficiency

Question 1

when is IV nutrition used?

Answer 1

when adequate nutrition isn’t possible

Question 2

what are the two main methods for IV nutrition?

Answer 2

-supplemental parental nutrition: addition to ordinary feeding
-total parenteral nutrition: sole source of nutrition

Question 3

how is IV nutrition given as in route?

Answer 3

infused through a central veins catheter or peripheral vein

Question 4

what does IV nutrition include inside? 5 things

Answer 4

amid acids, glucose, fat, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins

Question 5

how is protein given?

Answer 5

-it is the amino acids
-source of energy

Question 6

what is the preferred carbs?

Answer 6

glucose (infused through central venous catheter to avoid thromosis

Question 7

why is phosphate given?

Answer 7

for phosphorylation of glucose and preventing hypophosphateamia

Question 8

why is fructose and sorbitol given?

Answer 8

to prevent hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia non-ketotic acidosis

Question 9

what is fat emulsions given?

Answer 9

for high energy to fluid volume ration (not to mix in additives

Question 10

what are the two different types of vitamins that are given?

Answer 10

fat soluble and water soluble

Question 11

what are the different fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 11

A,D,E,K

Question 12

What is vitamin A and deficiency causes what? and what is the source of it? who should avoid it?

Answer 12

-retinol
-deficiency can cause ocular defects and increased risk of infection
should be avoided in pregnancy as it is teratogenic
-cheese, eggs, oily fish, yogurt, liver and liver products such as pate

Question 13

What is vitamin D and deficiency causes what? and what is the source of it? normal dose?

Answer 13

-ergocalciferol (D2), cholecalciferol (D3) and alfacalcidol, calcitriol
-deficiency can lead to rickets
-deficiency can occur due to reduced sunlight and diet intake
-normal dose: 10mcg (400UI)
-oily fish, red meat, liver, egg yolk, fortified foods such as cereals

Question 14

What is vitamin E and deficiency causes what? and what is the source of it?

Answer 14

-deficiency leads to neuromuscular abnormalities
-plant oils, nuts, seeds and wheatgerm

Question 15

What is vitamin K and deficiency causes what? and what is the source of it?

Answer 15

-PHYTOMENADIONE
-blood clotting factors- reversal agent for warfarin
-found in green leafy veg and veg oils and cereal grains
-menadiol (water-soluble derivative ) given orally in malabsorption syndromes

Question 16

what are the different water soluble vitamins?

Answer 16

C AND B

Question 17

What is vitamin C and deficiency causes what? and what is the source of it?

Answer 17

-deficiency can lead to scurvy
-helps with wound healing and maintains skin blood vessels, bone and cartilage
-oranges peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, broccoli ,sprouts and potatoes

Question 18

What is vitamin B and the different types and when are they used/what’s does it do and what is the source of it?

Answer 18

-B1- Thiamine- used in alcoholism and Wernicke’s encephalopathy
-B2- riboflavin- keeps skin, eyes and the nervous system healthy
-B6- pyridoxine- treats peripheral neuropathy associated with isoniazid
-B12- hydroxocobalamin- used in treatment of megaloblastic anaemia
-found in meats cereal and veg