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nutrition > vitamins required for calcified structures > Flashcards

vitamins required for calcified structures Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence vitamin requirements?

A

Age, gender, tobacco use, drug and alcohol use, stress, and health status.

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2
Q

What causes vitamin deficiencies?

A

Inadequate nutrient intake to sustain biochemical functions.

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3
Q

Which groups are at higher risk for vitamin deficiencies?

A

Patients with rapid growth, medical conditions, substance abuse, high stress, and vegans.

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4
Q

Why are vitamins essential for life?

A

They are vital in minute amounts for biochemical functions.

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5
Q

What is a secondary vitamin deficiency?

A

A deficiency caused by inadequate absorption, increased requirements, excretion, or destruction of a vitamin.

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5
Q

What is a primary vitamin deficiency?

A

A deficiency caused by decreased intake of a vitamin.

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5
Q

When do vitamin requirements, especially for water-soluble vitamins, increase?

A

During periods of stress due to elevated metabolic activity.

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6
Q

What are the two main forms of Vitamin A and their sources?

A

Retinoids (from animal products) and carotenoids (from fruits and vegetables).

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7
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?

A

In the liver and adipose tissues.

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8
Q

What are the key characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

They are soluble in fat, require bile for absorption, and are transported via the lymphatic system.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of osteomalacia?

A

Soft bones, skeletal pain, muscle weakness, loss of lamina dura, and increased risk of osteoporosis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

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9
Q

What are the primary functions of Vitamin A?

A

Vision in dim light, cell differentiation, bone and tooth development, skin and mucous membrane integrity, immune function, and cancer prevention.

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10
Q

What is a common sign of Vitamin A excess?

A

Hypercarotenemia, which causes the skin to turn deep yellow, especially on the palms and soles.

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10
Q

What are the two main deficiency diseases associated with Vitamin D?

A

Rickets (in children) and osteomalacia (in adults).

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10
Q

What are some animal-based sources of Vitamin A (retinol)?

A

Beef liver, egg yolks, and fish.

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10
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A?

A

Night blindness, growth failure, dry skin and mucous membranes, keratomalacia, and enamel hypoplasia.

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of rickets?

A

Bone deformities (bowlegs or knock-knees), enamel hypoplasia, dental decay, and periodontitis.

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11
Q

What are some plant-based sources of Vitamin A (Beta carotene)?

A

Carrots, squash, and broccoli.

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12
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin D?

A

Helps absorb calcium and phosphorus, promoting bone and teeth mineralization.

13
Q

When can Vitamin D toxicity occur?

A

When synthetic Vitamin D supplements are taken in large amounts for 6 weeks or more.

13
Q

What are some dietary sources of Vitamin D?

A

Fortified foods such as cereals.

13
Q

What is a natural source of Vitamin D?

A

Sunlight (at least 15 minutes of exposure).

14
Q

What are the signs of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

Nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, constipation, dizziness, weakness, and tingling sensations in the mouth.

15
Q

Why should patients with Vitamin K deficiency or those on anticoagulation therapy be cautious with Vitamin E supplementation?

A

It can increase the risk of hemorrhaging by interfering with Vitamin K activity.

15
Q

What grain and nut sources provide Vitamin E?

A

Unprocessed cereal grains, fortified cereals, nuts, and seeds.

15
Q

What are the best vegetable sources of Vitamin E?

A

Dark green leafy vegetables and vegetable oils, especially soybean oil.

16
Q

Who may benefit from Vitamin E supplementation?

A

Premature infants, children, and adults who cannot absorb fats and oils.

17
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

A

Protects cell membranes, prevents hemolysis of red blood cells, acts as an anticoagulant, and preserves fats as an antioxidant.

17
Q

What conditions can lead to Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Disease or drug therapy, bile flow blockage (e.g., celiac disease, sprue), and defective blood clotting.

17
Q

What are some fruit sources of Vitamin E?

A

Apples, apricots, and peaches.

18
Q

What are the main functions of Vitamin K?

A

Aids in blood clotting (prothrombin formation) and helps increase bone density.

19
Q

What are the naturally occurring forms of Vitamin K?

A

K1 (phylloquinone) from green plants
K2 (menaquinone) from Escherichia coli in the large intestine.

20
Q

Which parts of the gut synthesize Vitamin K?

A

The bacterial flora in the jejunum and ileum.

20
Q

Why is a Vitamin K deficiency unlikely?

A

It is obtained from food and synthesized by gut microflora.

21
Q

What are some dietary sources of Vitamin K?

A

Dark green leafy vegetables, egg yolks, and meats.

21
Q

Does excess Vitamin K cause toxicity?

A

No documented toxicity from oral intake.

22
Q

Why do smokers need more vitamin C?

A

Smoking increases oxidative stress, requiring more antioxidants like vitamin C.

22
Q

Characteristics of Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

Includes B-vitamins and vitamin C

Organic substances

B-vitamins contain nitrogen

Act as coenzymes

Readily absorbed in jejunum

Body stores very small amounts
Daily intake is necessary

23
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin C?

A

Collagen formation, immune support, iron absorption, folic acid and B12 utilization, metabolism of amino acids, and antioxidant properties.

24
Q

What is the classic deficiency disease associated with vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

25
Q

What are oral signs of vitamin C deficiency?

A

Red, swollen gingiva, spontaneous bleeding, periodontal destruction, sore/burning mouth, and increased risk of infections.

26
Q

Does excessive vitamin C intake cause toxicity?

A

No

27
Q

What are some good sources of vitamin C?

A

Raw leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and strawberries.

28
Q

Which fruits are particularly high in vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits and strawberries.

29
Q

Besides fruits, what vegetables provide vitamin C?

A

Raw leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, and sweet potatoes.

nutrition (8 decks)

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