vitamins-nutritional pathology

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

Organic molecules needed in small quantities for normal metabolism and other biochemical functions, such as growth or repair of tissue. They are essential parts of enzymatic reactions and are found in both plants and animals. Insufficient amounts can lead to various deficiencies.

Question 2

What are the two main classes of vitamins?

Answer 2

Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 3

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 3

Thiamine (B₁), Riboflavin (B₂), Niacin (B₃), Pyridoxine (B₆), Folate (B₉), Vitamin B₁₂, and Vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Question 4

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K.

Question 5

What are the natural sources of Vitamin A?

Answer 5

Beta-carotene from leafy green and yellow vegetables, and retinol from animal dietary products.

Question 6

What are the indications for Vitamin A supplementation?

Answer 6

Reducing morbidity and mortality in children, treating Vitamin A deficiencies, and treating skin conditions such as acne and psoriasis.

Question 7

What are the clinical manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 7

Night blindness, bitot spots, conjunctival and corneal xerosis, retinopathy, keratomalacia, hyperkeratosis, and increased morbidity and mortality after bacterial and viral illnesses.

Question 8

What are the two main forms of Vitamin D?

Answer 8

Vitamin D₂ (Ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol).

Question 9

How is Vitamin D₃ synthesized?

Answer 9

It is synthesized in the skin by exposure to direct sunlight (ultraviolet B radiation) and from fish liver oils/saltwater fish.

Question 10

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin D?

Answer 10

Osteomalacia in adults (soft bones)
osteoporosis in adults (brittle bones)
rickets in children.

Question 11

What are the indications for Vitamin D supplementation?

Answer 11

Treating chronic diseases related to Vitamin D deficiency (e.g., rickets, osteomalacia) and preventing osteoporosis.

Question 12

What is Vitamin E necessary for?

Answer 12

Formation of red blood cells, a healthy circulatory system, and prevention of oxidative damage to cell membranes and tissues. It is a natural antioxidant.

Question 13

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin E?

Answer 13

Hemolytic anemia in infants, muscle weakness (particularly in children), and retinopathy of prematurity in newborns.

Question 14

What is the indication for Vitamin E supplementation?

Answer 14

Treating Vitamin E deficiency.

Question 15

What are the sources of Vitamin K?

Answer 15

Various foods high in Vitamin K, such as leafy green vegetables.

Question 16

What are the indications for Vitamin K supplementation?

Answer 16

Treating Vitamin K deficiency (e.g., in chronic alcoholics), treating anticoagulant toxicity, and treating hemorrhagic diseases of newborns.

Question 17

what is the function of vitamin k

Answer 17

help with blood clotting helps form and keep
bone structure

Question 18

What are some examples of water-soluble vitamins?

Answer 18

Vitamin b complex: thiamine (B1), Riboflavin(B2), Niacin(B30), pantothenic acid(B5), Pyridoxine(B6), Folic acid(B9) and Cyanocobalamin(B12)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Question 19

What are the sources of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)?

Answer 19

Fish, milk, lean meat, fortified breads, and cereals.

Question 20

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin B1?

Answer 20

beri-beri, peripheral neuropathy, and cardiac failure.

Question 21

What are the indications for Vitamin B1 supplementation?

Answer 21

Beri-beri, alcoholic neuritis, and neuritis in pregnancy.

Question 22

What is the role of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) in the body?

Answer 22

It is necessary for energy release from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and acts as a co-enzyme for hydrogen transfer

Question 23

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin B2?

Answer 23

Angular cheilitis, atrophy of tongue papillae, burning eyes, dermatitis, and normocytic normochromic anemia.

Question 24

What are the indications for Vitamin B2 supplementation?

Answer 24

Treatment of hyperlipidemia
and Pellagra

Question 25

What are the sources of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)?

Answer 25

Yeast, liver, rice, meats, and liver synthesis.

Question 26

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)?

Answer 26

Anemia, convulsions, sleep disturbances, peripheral neuropathy, and deficiencies induced by isoniazid therapy (TB medicine).

Question 27

What are the indications for Vitamin B3 supplementation?

Answer 27

Treatment of hyperlipidemia and pellagra

Question 28

What are the deficiencies associated with Vitamin B3?

Answer 28

Pellagra, which includes dermatitis, diarrhea, and mental disturbance.

Question 29

What is Vitamin B6 necessary for?

Answer 29

It acts as a coenzyme in the synthesis and breakdown of proteins, makes energy available from glycogen in the liver and muscles, and is a co-factor for the desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 30

What are the sources of folic acid?

Answer 30

Various foods and supplements.

Question 31

What are the indications for folic acid supplementation?

Answer 31

Preventing neural tube defects when supplemented before and during pregnancy, treating megaloblastic anemia, and supplementing in patients using certain medicines like methotrexate.

Question 32

What are the sources of Vitamin B12?

Answer 32

Various foods, especially animal products

Question 33

What are the indications for Vitamin B12 supplementation?

Answer 33

In strict
vegetarianism
In poor intestinal
malabsorption

Question 34

What is Vitamin B12 necessary for?

Answer 34

Red blood cell formation and central nervous system functioning.

Question 35

What is Vitamin C necessary for?

Answer 35

Formation of collagen, a major component of connective tissue, and wound healing.

Question 36

What are the indications for Vitamin C supplementation?

Answer 36

Preventing scurvy and gingivitis and increasing the absorption of iron-containing supplements.