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Phc123 > 2- Enviromental pathology > Flashcards

2- Enviromental pathology Flashcards

alcohol, smoking, illicit drugs

1
Q

What are some common environmental and occupational exposures?

A

Personal exposures
Therapeutic drugs
Outdoor air pollution
Indoor air pollution
Industrial exposures
Agricultural hazards
Natural toxins
Radiation injury
Physical environment

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2
Q

What factors influence alcohol-related harm?

A

Volume of alcohol consumed, pattern of drinking, and quality of alcohol consumed.

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3
Q

What are examples of voluntary personal exposures?

A

Alcohol, smoking, and illicit drugs.

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4
Q

What are examples of involuntary personal exposures?

A

Involuntary exposure of foetus & children to drugs, alcohol, and tobacco smoke.

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5
Q

What is the treatment for alcohol withdrawal?

A

Benzodiazepines, treatment of dehydration, and correction of electrolyte disturbances.

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6
Q

What are specific risk factors for AUD?

A

Drinking at an early age (< 15 years), genetics/family history of AUD, and mental health conditions/trauma.

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Disulfiram?

A

Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, causing unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed, which helps deter alcohol use.

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8
Q

What is Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

A

A medical condition caused by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It encompasses alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, and alcohol addiction.

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9
Q

What are the types of FASD?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder, and alcohol-related birth defects.

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10
Q

What are some consequences of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)?

A

Car accidents, crime (e.g., murder, GBV), suicide, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), alcohol-related conditions (dependence, withdrawal), cancer, liver disease, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases.

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11
Q

What are Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)?

A

A range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

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12
Q

How does FAS affect a child?

A

It impairs the child’s ability to function mentally, physically, socially, and achieve their full potential.

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13
Q

What are the causes of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

A

Growth deficiencies, irreversible cognitive impairment, and physical & central nervous system abnormalities.

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14
Q

What is considered low risk drinking?

A

Low-risk drinking involves consuming alcohol within the recommended guidelines to minimize the risk of alcohol-related harm.

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15
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, tremors, and hyperreflexia.

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16
Q

What is nicotine and how does it affect the body?

A

Nicotine is a psychostimulant drug found in tobacco smoke. It is absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs, triggering chemical reactions in nerve endings that increase heart rate, alertness, and reaction time. It also releases dopamine and endorphins, leading to pleasure and addiction.

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17
Q

What are the potential complications of severe alcohol withdrawal?

A

Seizures (10%), hallucinations (25%), delirium tremens (5%), dehydration, hyperthermia, and electrolyte imbalances.

18
Q

What is the treatment for alcohol withdrawal?

A

Benzodiazepines, treatment of dehydration, and correction of electrolyte disturbances.

19
Q

What does tobacco smoking involve?

A

The inhalation of smoke from burning tobacco leaves, typically through cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes/devices, or pipes.

20
Q

What are the health risks associated with smoking?

A

Smoking causes numerous diseases and affects every organ in the body.

21
Q

What is secondhand smoke and its impact?

A

Secondhand smoke is the smoke non-smokers are exposed to, and it carries the same health risks as smoking.

22
Q

What is the environmental impact of smoking?

A

Cigarette butts contribute to litter.

23
Q

What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy?

A

Smoking while pregnant increases the risk of preterm birth (<37 weeks), intrauterine growth restriction, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth

24
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation?

A

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and prescription medications.

25
Q

What are the components of tobacco dependence?

A

Physiological dependence (addiction to nicotine, body needs nicotine)
behavioral dependence (tobacco use habit, smoking actions/movements, mind needs nicotine).

26
Q

What are the behavioral therapies for smoking cessation?

A

Counseling and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

27
Q

What support systems are available for smoking cessation?

A

Family, friends, and professional support.

28
Q

What forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) are available?

A

Nicotine chewing gum, patches, sprays, and lozenges.

29
Q

What are some prescription medications for smoking cessation?

A

Varenicline (nicotine receptor antagonist) and Bupropion (antidepressant that helps with withdrawal).

30
Q

What is the best treatment approach for smoking cessation?

A

A combination of medications and behavioral therapy/counseling

31
Q

What are the benefits of quitting smoking?

A

Lowers the risk of smoking-related diseases, cuts cardiovascular risks significantly, reduces risks for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and bladder by 50% in 5 years, and reduces the risk of lung cancer by 50% after ten years.

32
Q

What is illicit drug use?

A

Consuming substances that are illegal to possess, produce, or distribute.

33
Q

What are the key challenges of illicit drug use?

A

Addiction, health risks, social stigma, and burden on healthcare systems/society.

34
Q

What are the types of illicit drugs?

A

Stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine)
depressants (e.g., heroin, fentanyl)
hallucinogens (e.g., LSD, psilocybin).

35
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

A strong desire to consume a drug for its psychological effects, leading to cravings and compulsive use.

36
Q

What is physical dependence?

A

Develops with chronic use, where the body adapts to the drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms if stopped.

37
Q

What are the risk factors for dependence?

A

Genetics, environment, mental health disorders, and early exposure to drugs.

38
Q

What are the behavioral therapies for illicit drug use?

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing.

39
Q

What medications are used for opioid addiction?

A

Methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone

40
Q

What are some harm reduction strategies?

A

Access to clean needles.

41
Q

What types of rehabilitation programs are available?

A

Intensive inpatient programs and flexible outpatient services.

Phc123 (14 decks)

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