2-Nutritional pathology Flashcards
metabolic syndrome, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio
What is Metabolic Syndrome?
It is a cluster of metabolic factors including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, impaired fasting blood glucose, high triglyceride levels, and low HDL cholesterol.
Why is Metabolic Syndrome significant?
It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other health conditions.
How is Metabolic Syndrome diagnosed?
Diagnosis requires the presence of 3 or more of the following factors: abdominal obesity
high blood pressure
impaired fasting blood glucose
high triglyceride levels
low HDL cholesterol.
What is the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome globally?
It affects approximately 25% of the global population.
What lifestyle factors increase the risk of Metabolic Syndrome?
High-fat diet, physical inactivity, smoking, and a BMI greater than 25
What are the genetic risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome?
Family history of type 2 diabetes
hypertension
early heart disease.
What other conditions are risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome?
Obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and older age.
What cardiovascular diseases are associated with Metabolic Syndrome?
Increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular conditions
What other complications can arise from Metabolic Syndrome?
Increased risk of liver disease, kidney disease, and sleep apnea.
How does Metabolic Syndrome affect diabetes risk?
It increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.
How is BMI calculated?
BMI = weight (kg) / height (m²).
What are some of the policies and plans in South Africa to address Metabolic Syndrome?
Salt reduction plans, reduced trans-fats, advertising restrictions to children (junk food), tax on sugary beverages, exemption of tax on healthy foods, better control on food and nutritional supplements, and improved awareness.
What are the BMI categories?
Underweight: BMI < 18.5
Normal weight: BMI 18.5-24.9
Overweight: BMI 25-29.9
Obesity: BMI ≥ 30
What are the advantages of using BMI?
It generally correlates with metabolic disease and fat mass and is a good tool to define the extent of overweight in patients.
What are the disadvantages of using BMI?
It does not acknowledge adipocytes and adipose tissue from an immune and endocrine standpoint, does not consider muscle or breast mass, and may not always correlate with metabolic disease in all patients.
