Vitamins, minerals & nutrients Flashcards
Vitamin A
- fat soluble
- normal growth
- development of bones and teeth
- skin and mucosal membranes
- eye sight= rhodopsin formation
- xerophthalmia: cornea and tear duct
Vitamin A: dietary sources
Preformed vitamin A (retinal)- animal sources
Provitamin A- carotenoids (carrots, cantaloupe, dark veggies)
Fat-soluble vitamins
- Stored in liver and fatty tissue
- increase risk of toxicity
- absorption in small intestines via micelles
Water- soluble vitamins
- Vitamin C and B complex
- briefly stored and exerted
- daily replenishment
- Execption: B-12 =stored in liver
Vitamin D
- Maintains normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels
- develop and maintains strong bones
- attained though foods and IV rays
- UV rays trigger vitamin synthesis
Vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia (Rickett’s in children)
Osteoporosis
Vitamin D dietary sources
Yeast
Fish liver oils
Salmon
Fortified foods D2 or D3(dairy, cereals)
Vitamin E
- antioxidant
- prevents formation of free radicals
- prevents cell membrane damage
- free radicals attack cell tissues ad alter membranes
Vitamin E deficiency
- Hemolytic anemia
- disruption of myelin formation
Vitamin E dietary sources
Vegetable oils
Peanuts
Products made from oils
Vitamin K
- coagulation vitamin
- promotes lover synthesis of clotting factors
- antidote for an over dosage of warfarin
- body makes vitamin through bacteria in the GI tract
- hepatic biosynthesis of blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency
Bleeding/hemorrhage
The B vitamins
- Found in fresh fruits and vegetables
- change food into energy
- help the body use fats and proteins
- cell division and cell metabolism
- require an acidic environment for absorption
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Coenzyme in the metabolism of CHO
- conversion of CHO to energy for heart, nervous system, and muscle function
- greater risk of deficiency with chronic alcoholism
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Deficiency
- Weakened heart muscle
- nerve activity in brain impaired
- impair GI function and secretory glands
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Dietary sources
Whole grains Green peas Potatoes Legumes Milk
Folate (B9)
- cell division and DNA synthesis
- stimulates production of RBC, WBC, and platelets
- aids in heme production
- greater deficiency risk with chronic alcoholism
- fat soluble
Folate (B9) deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Neural tube defects
Folate (B9) Dietary Sources
Dark leafy greens Citrus fruits Tomatoes Legumes Fortified cereals Grains
Water soluble vitamins
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B9
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Normal growth Call reproduction Maturation of RBC's Folic acid and B12 needed for RBC production Protein complex found in animal foods
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
-Megaloblastic anemia
-Pernicious anemia
affects hematologist and nervous system
-needed B12 IM injections for pernicious anemia
-cognitive mpairment
-numbness
-tingling-
Risk Populations:
Elderly d/t < HCL-
vegan/ strict vegetarians
Vitamin B12 Dietary sources
Meat Fish Chicken Milk Cheese Fortified foods
Vitamin C
- Synthesis and maintenance of collagen
- Intercellular formation of blood vessels, bones, cartilage, skin and tendons
- maintain immune system
- promotes formation of RBC’s
- helps with absorption of iron
Iron
- Requires acidic environment for conversion of ferric iron to ferrous iron
- carries O2 around body
- immune function
- growth needs and brain development
- stored as ferritin in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
- Vitamin C supports absorption
Iron deficiencies
Iron-deficiency anemia
Geri pt’s taking antacids at inc. risk
Calcium
Stored in teeth and bones Bone matrix construction Contraction/relaxation of ms and heart Transmit NV impulses Blood coagulation to convert prothrombin to thrombin Regulated by PTH, Vitamin D, Calcitonin
Calcium deficiency
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Nerve and muscle excitability (tremors)
Paresthesia ( tingling and prickling and round mouth and fingers)
CLINICAL SIGNS
Skin tuger:tenting
Dehydration
CLINICAL SIGNS
Dry, scaly skin
Vitamin A deficiency
CLINICAL SIGNS
Spoon shaped nails
Iron deficiency
CLINICAL SIGNS
Ecchymosis, petechiae, nosebleeds
Vitamin K deficiency (clotting issues) Vitamin C (capillary wall integrity)
CLINICAL SIGNS
Pale conjunctiva
Iron deficiency
CLINICAL SIGNS
Hair loss
Protein deficiency
Function of protein
- necessary for building and maintaining body tissues
- helps maintain blood volume (albumin)
- helps maintain immune fx
Function of water
Found in and around cells
Maintains all body functions
Major constituent of blood and BP
Solvent for vitamins and minerals
